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The Vertebral Column (singular: vertebra) are the individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column (aka ischis) — a flexuous and flexible column common to all Vertebrates. File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebra Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 2 Thoracic vertebrae Categories: Public domain images ...
File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebra Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 2 Thoracic vertebrae Categories: Public domain images ...
This article is about the skeletal organs. ...
The human rib cage. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x622, 96 KB) Labelled by Vsion, using another Public Domain image [1], from Grays Anatomy File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebra Vertebral column User:Vsion/Gallery ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x622, 96 KB) Labelled by Vsion, using another Public Domain image [1], from Grays Anatomy File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebra Vertebral column User:Vsion/Gallery ...
The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ...
The irregular bones are such as, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, or flat bone. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the tailbone. The upper three regions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy. This number is sometimes increased by an additional vertebra in one region, or it may be diminished in one region, the deficiency often being supplied by an additional vertebra in another. The number of cervical vertebrae is, however, very rarely increased or diminished. For the record label, see Sacrum Torch. ...
Intervertebral discs lie in between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. ...
The coccyx is formed of up to five vertebrae. ...
This article is about the skeletal organs. ...
With the exception of the first and second cervical, the true or movable vertebrae (the upper three regions) present certain common characteristics which are best studied by examining one from the middle of the thoracic region.
General structure
 Oblique view of cervical vertebrae A typical vertebra consists of two essential parts: an anterior (front) segment, which is the vertebral body; and a posterior part – the vertebral (neural) arch – which encloses the vertebral foramen. The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes, four articular, two transverse, and one spinous, the latter also being known as the neural spine. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 701 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1838 × 1571 pixel, file size: 286 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vertebra User talk...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 701 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1838 × 1571 pixel, file size: 286 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vertebra User talk...
A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...
The vertebral arch (or neural arch) is the posterior part of a vertebra. ...
In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. ...
The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. ...
The laminæ are two broad plates directed backward and medialward from the pedicles. ...
In anatomy, a process (Latin: processus) is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. ...
When the vertebrae are articulated with each other, the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foramina constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord), while between every pair of vertebrae are two apertures, the intervertebral foramina, one on either side, for the transmission of the spinal nerves and vessels. For other uses of the word head, see head (disambiguation). ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foraminae constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord). ...
Two transverse processes and one spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body. The spinous process comes out the back, one transverse process comes out the left, and one on the right. The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin. Superior and inferior articular facets on each vertebra act to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis. The transverse processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. ...
A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...
This article is about the skeletal organs. ...
A zygapophyseal joint (or facet joint) is a vertebral joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the one adjacent. ...
Lumbar vertebra. ...
Regions The spine of the scapula is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the dorsal surface of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. ...
The inferior angle of the scapula, thick and rough, is formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi. ...
Human male pelvis, viewed from front Human female pelvis, viewed from front The pelvis is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). ...
The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. ...
Cervical Note: For more detailed information, see Cervical vertebrae In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (caudal to) the skull. ...
These are generally small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes), and often split. Numbered top-to-bottom from C1-C7, atlas (C1) and axis (C2), are the vertebrae that allow the neck and head so much movement. For the most part, the atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to move up and down, while the atlanto-axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disk of the spinal column. All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck. In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the topmost (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. ...
In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis or epistropheus. ...
For other uses, see Neck (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Head (disambiguation). ...
The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. ...
For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ...
The Atlanto-axial joint (articulation of the atlas with the axis) is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. ...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including milk producing sweat glands, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex...
For other uses, see Manatee (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the South American mammal. ...
Thoracic Note: For more detailed information, see Thoracic vertebrae A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
Their spinous processes have surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the rib cage prevents much flexion or other excursion. They may also be known as 'dorsal vertebrae', in the human context. This article is about the skeletal organs. ...
The human rib cage. ...
Lumbar Note: For more detailed information, see Lumbar vertebrae The lumbar vertebrae are the largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column, and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. ...
These vertebrae are very robust in construction, as they must support more weight than other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion and extension, moderate lateral flexion (sidebending), and a small degree of rotation. The discs between these vertebrae create a lumbar lordosis (curvature that is concave posteriorly) in the human spine. In anatomy, lumbar is an adjective that means of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm and the sacrum (pelvis). ...
Image File history File links Illu_vertebral_column. ...
Image File history File links Illu_vertebral_column. ...
Sacral Note: For more detailed information, see Sacral vertebrae Sacrum, pelvic surface The sacrum (os sacrum) is a large, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. ...
There are 5 vertebrae (S1-S5). They are fused in maturity, with no intervertebral discs. Intervertebral discs lie in between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. ...
Coccygeal Note: For more detailed information, see Coccygeal vertebrae The coccyx is formed of four fused vertebrae. ...
There are 3-5 vertebrae (Co1-Co5), again fused, with no intervertebral discs. Many animals have a greater number of "tail vertebrae" and, in animals, they are more commonly known as "caudal vertebrae." Pain at the coccyx (tailbone) is known as coccydynia. Intervertebral discs lie in between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. ...
The coccyx is formed of up to five vertebrae. ...
Coccydynia is a medical condition characterized by pain in the coccyx or tailbone area. ...
Development During the fourth week of embryonic development, the sclerotomes shift their position to surround the spinal cord and the notochord. The sclerotome is made of mesoderm and originates from the ventromedial part of the somites. This column of tissue has a segmented appearance, with alternating areas of dense and less dense areas. Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops. ...
In vertebrate embryonic development, a group of embryonic tissues formed from somites that develop into the vertebrae. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. ...
Organs derived from each germ layer. ...
In the developing vertebrate embryo, somites are masses of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube and that will eventually become dermis (dermatome), skeletal muscle (myotome), and vertebrae (sclerotome). ...
As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes. A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into the intervertebral discs. Intervertebral discs lie in between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. ...
The notochord disappears in the sclerotome (vertebral body) segments, but persists in the region of the intervertebral discs as the nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus and the fibers of the annulus fibrosus make up the intervertebral disc. Nucleus pulposus is the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc. ...
Each intervertebral fibrocartilage is composed, at its circumference, of laminæ of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage, forming the annulus fibrosus. ...
The primary curves (thoracic and sacral curvatures) form during fetal development. The secondary curves develop after birth. The cervical curvature forms as a result of lifting the head and the lumbar curvature forms as a result of walking.
There are various defects associated with vertebral development. Scoliosis can result from improper fusion of the vertebrae. In Klippel-Feil anomaly patients have two or more cervical vertebrae that are fused together, along with other associated birth defects. One of the most serious defects is failure of the vertebral arches to fuse. This results in a condition called spina bifida. There are several variations of spina bifida that reflect the severity of the defect. Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of any 2 of the 7 cervical (neck) vertebrae. ...
Footnotes - ^ Anatomy Compendium (Godfried Roomans and Anca Dragomir)
References | Bones of torso | | Sternum | Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process | | Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) | | General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) | | Cervical vertebrae | C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7
anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium | | Thoracic vertebrae | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) | | Lumbar vertebrae | accessory process, mammillary process, L5 | | Sacrum | pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle | | Nerves: spinal nerves | | Cervical (8) | C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8
anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3) | | Thoracic (12) | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) | | Lumbar (5) | L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) | | Sacral (5) | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) | | Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) | 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...
An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body (or Grays Anatomy as it has more commonly become known) is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...
Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
The 1989 movie Gross Anatomy stars Matthew Modine and Daphne Zuniga. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
This article is about the skeletal organs. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
The sternum (from Greek στÎÏνον, sternon, chest) or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). ...
The suprasternal notch (fossa jugularis sternalis), also known as the jugular notch, is part of human anatomy. ...
Sternum or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). ...
The sternal angle is the angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. ...
The body of the sternum (gladiolus), considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. ...
The xiphisternal joint (or xiphisternal synchondrosis) is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the following two parts of the sternum meet: body of the sternum xiphoid process It is in line with the T9 vertebrae. ...
The xiphoid process is a small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. ...
The human rib cage. ...
The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. ...
The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. ...
The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head. ...
The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. ...
The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. ...
Excluding the first seven ribs, the remaining five are false ribs. ...
the four floating ribs Four of the ribs (two pairs) in the ribcage are said to be floating ribs because they are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. ...
The external surface of the rib is convex, smooth, and marked, a little in front of the tubercle, by a prominent line, directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the Iliocostalis, and is called the angle. ...
On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminence—the tubercle It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. ...
Between the ridge of the interal surface of the rib and the inferior border is a groove, the costal groove, for the intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve. ...
The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2. ...
The head of the rib is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper facet is the smaller; to the crest is attached the interarticular ligament. ...
The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. ...
The vertebral arch (or neural arch) is the posterior part of a vertebra. ...
The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. ...
The laminæ are two broad plates directed backward and medialward from the pedicles. ...
The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and when the vertebrae are articulated, the notches of each contiguous pair of bones form the intervertebral foramina. ...
In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. ...
When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foraminae constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord). ...
The transverse processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. ...
The articular processes of a vertebra, two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ. The superior project upward, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward; the inferior project downward, and their surfaces look more or less forward. ...
A zygapophysis is process which sticks out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. ...
A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...
In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (caudal to) the skull. ...
In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the topmost (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. ...
The anterior arch of the atlas forms about one-fifth of the ring of the atlas: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet...
In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. ...
The lateral masses are the most bulky and solid parts of the atlas, in order to support the weight of the head. ...
In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis or epistropheus. ...
The dens or odontoid process or odontoid peg of the axis exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the body. ...
The most distinctive characteristic of the seventh cervical vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process, hence the name vertebra prominens. ...
The anterior arch forms about one-fifth of the ring: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles. ...
The posterior arch of a cervical vertebra forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. ...
The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are each pierced by the foramen transversarium, which, in the upper six vertebræ, gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
The superior costal facet (or superior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra. ...
The inferior costal facet (or inferior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the bottom of a vertebra. ...
The transverse costal facet (or transverse costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the transverse process of a vertebra. ...
The lumbar vertebrae are the largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column, and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. ...
Of the tubercles noticed in connection with the transverse processes of the lower thoracic vertebrae, the inferior is situated at the back part of the base of the transverse process, and is called the accessory process. ...
Of the three tubercles noticed in connection with the transverse processes of the lower thoracic vertebrae, the superior one is connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process, and is named the mammillary process. ...
The lumbar vertebrae are the largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column, and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. ...
For the record label, see Sacrum Torch. ...
The pelvic surface of sacrum is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side. ...
At the ends of the transverse ridges of the pelvic surface of the sacrum are seen the anterior sacral foramina (or pelvic sacral foramina), four in number on either side, somewhat rounded in form, diminishing in size from above downward, and directed lateralward and forward; they give exit to the...
The dorsal surface of sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic. ...
Lateral to the articular processes of the sacrum are the four posterior sacral foramina (or dorsal sacral foramina); they are smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves. ...
In the middle line of the dorsal surface of the sacrum, it displays a crest, the median sacral crest, surmounted by three or four tubercles, the rudimentary spinous processes of the upper three or four sacral vertebrae. ...
On the lateral aspect of the sacral groove is a linear series of tubercles produced by the fusion of the articular processes which together form the indistinct medial sacral crest (intermediate sacral crest, sacral articular crest). ...
On the lateral side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, which represent the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae, and form the lateral sacral crest. ...
The lateral surface of sacrum is broad above, but narrowed into a thin edge below. ...
On the lateral surface of sacrum there is a rough surface, the sacral tuberosity, on which are three deep and uneven impressions, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligament. ...
The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward. ...
The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, fail to meet behind, and thus a sacral hiatus or deficiency occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal. ...
In human anatomy, the presacral space is behind the rectum and in front of the coccyx. ...
The Sacral promontory is the anatomical term for the anteriormost portion of the sacrum. ...
The vertebral canal (sacral canal) runs throughout the greater part of the sacral bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminæ and spinous processes. ...
On either side of the body of the base of the sacrum is a large triangular surface, which supports the Psoas major and the lumbosacral trunk, and in the articulated pelvis is continuous with the iliac fossa. ...
The sacrum is curved upon itself and placed very obliquely, its base projecting forward and forming the prominent sacrovertebral angle when articulated with the last lumbar vertebra. ...
For other uses, see Nerve (disambiguation). ...
The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. ...
The Cervical Nerves—The posterior division of the first cervical or suboccipital nerve is larger than the anterior division, and emerges above the posterior arch of the atlas and beneath the vertebral artery. ...
The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. ...
The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral roots of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment near the neck. ...
The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibres (a plexus) running from the spine (vertebrae C5-T1), through the neck, the axilla (armpit region), and into the arm. ...
The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. ...
The posterior branches of cervical nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the cervical nerves. ...
The first spinal nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas. ...
The greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve arising between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve. ...
While under the Trapezius, the medial branch of the posterior division of the third cervical nerve gives off a branch called the third occipital nerve, which pierces the Trapezius and ends in the skin of the lower part of the back of the head. ...
The Thoracic Nerves—The medial branches (ramus medialis; internal branch) of the posterior divisions of the upper six thoracic nerves run between the Semispinalis dorsi and Multifidus, which they supply; they then pierce the Rhomboidei and Trapezius, and reach the skin by the sides of the spinous processes. ...
The thoracic spinal nerves T3 through T12. ...
The lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve does not divide, like the others, into an anterior and a posterior branch; it is named the intercostobrachial nerve. ...
The anterior divisions of the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh thoracic intercostal nerves are continued anteriorly from the intercostal spaces into the abdominal wall; hence they are named thoraco-abdominal nerves (or thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves). ...
The anterior division of the twelfth thoracic nerve (subcostal nerve) is larger than the others; it runs along the lower border of the twelfth rib, often gives a communicating branch to the first lumbar nerve, and passes under the lateral lumbocostal arch. ...
The posterior branches of thoracic nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves. ...
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots Grays Fig. ...
The lumbar plexus is formed by the loops of communication between the anterior divisions of the first three and the greater part of the fourth lumbar nerves; the first lumbar often receives a branch from the last thoracic nerve. ...
The lumbosacral trunk is nervous tissue that connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus. ...
The posterior branches of the lumbar nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the lumbar nerves. ...
The superior clunial nerves innervate the skin of the upper part of the buttocks. ...
The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. ...
In human anatomy, the Sacral plexus refers to the nerve plexus emerging from the sacral vertebrae (S1-S4), and which provides nerves for the pelvis and lower limbs. ...
The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves are small, and diminish in size from above downward; they emerge, except the last, through the posterior sacral foramina. ...
The medial clunial nerves innervate the skin of the buttocks closest to the midline of the body. ...
The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone. ...
The coccygeal plexus is a plexus of nerves near the coccyx bone. ...
The posterior division of the coccygeal nerve does not divide into a medial and a lateral branch, but receives a communicating branch from the last sacral; it is distributed to the skin over the back of the coccyx. ...
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