NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Turkey

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help· info)), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey borders eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest, Greece to the west, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia, Azerbaijan (the Nakhichevan exclave), and Iran to the east, Iraq and Syria to the southeast. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Black Sea to the north. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara, which is used by geographers to mark the border between Europe and Asia, thus making Turkey transcontinental.^[1] Look up turkey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Turk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links TÃ¼rkiye_armasÄ±.svgâ€Ž File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Turkey ... The flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. ... The Republic of Turkey is one of the states that do not have an official coat of arms. ... A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ± (i. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 155 KB) Other versions Image:Europe location TUR.png, version with the member states of the European Union marked File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Turkey... This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ... Presidential flag of Turkey. ... Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) is the tenth and current President of the Republic of Turkey. ... This is a chronological list of every government formed by the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Turkey. ... Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan (born February 26, 1954), became the Prime Minister of Turkey on March 14, 2003. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“65) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453â€“1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Establishment of Turkish national movement explains the initial stages of the alliance that will become Turkish revolutionaries which waged an independence war that resulted in decleration of Republic of Turkey. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (114th in leap years). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 kmÂ² and 1,000,000 kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... The Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. ... Map of world GDP (PPP) by country using the IMF list for 2005 There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the 2005 IMF data. ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of a distribution. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (2004). ... Coloured world map indicating Human Development Index (2004) This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Programmes Human Development Report 2006, compiled on the basis of 2004 data. ... TRY banknotes and coins The Turkish new lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precison atomic time standard. ... Though DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precison atomic time standard. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... TRY banknotes and coins The Turkish new lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... The Turkish lira was the currency of Turkey until 2005. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Timeline_icon. ... Image File history File links Asd. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the Earths largest landmass covering about 21215121321kmÂ² compared with the Americas (approximately 42,000,000 kmÂ²), Africa (approximately 30,000,000 kmÂ²), and Antarctica (approximately 13,000,000 kmÂ²). Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. ... In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical entity, a territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation. ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Î‘Î½Î±Ï„Î¿Î»Î¯Î± - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: NaxÃ§Ä±van Muxtar RespublikasÄ±, Armenian: Õ†Õ¡ÕÕ«Õ»Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Ô»Õ¶Ö„Õ¶Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Russian: ÐÐ°Ñ…Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÐ²Ð°Ð½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐ²Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°, Persian:Ø¬Ù…Ù‡ÙˆØ±ÛŒ Ø®ÙˆØ¯Ù…Ø®ØªØ§Ø± Ù†Ø®Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†, Turkish: NahÃ§Ä±van Ã–zerk Cumhuriyeti), known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. ... D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Map of the Sea of Marmara Satellite view of the Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Î˜Î¬Î»Î±ÏƒÏƒÎ± Ï„Î¿Ï… ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¼Î±ÏÎ¬ or Î ÏÎ¿Ï€Î¿Î½Ï„Î¯Î´Î±) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the... World map showing the location of Asia. ... A transcontinental country is a country belonging to more than one continent. ...

The region comprising modern Turkey has overseen the birth of major civilizations such as the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. Because of its strategic location, where two continents meet, Turkey's culture has a unique blend of Eastern and Western tradition, often described as a bridge between the two civilizations. A powerful regional presence from the Adriatic Sea to China in the Eurasian landmass between Russia and India, Turkey has come to acquire increasing strategic significance.^[2]^[3] Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“65) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453â€“1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... Traditional Turkish coffee The culture of Turkey is a diverse one, derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. ... The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of the East, namely Asia (including China, India, Japan, and surrounding regions). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Western World. ... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ...

Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West while continuing to foster relations with the Eastern world. It is a founding member of the United Nations,^[4] the Organization of the Islamic Conference,^[5] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development^[6] and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,^[7] a member state of the Council of Europe since 1949,^[8] and of NATO since 1952.^[9] Since 2005, Turkey has been in accession negotiations with the European Union, having been an associate member since 1963.^[10] Turkey is also a member of the G20, which brings together the 20 largest economies of the world. Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule[1]) is a [[List of forms of government|form of government]. While the term democracy is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are also applicable to other groups and organizations. ... Map showing secular states highlighted in blue A secular state is a state or country that is officially neutral in matters of religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious beliefs or practices, and has no state religion or equivalent. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A constitutional republic is a state where the head of state and other officials are elected as representatives of the people and must govern according to existing constitutional law that limits the governments power over citizens. ... Turkey is a secular, republican parliamentary democracy. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) OIC redirects here. ... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coopÃ©ration et de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomiques, OCDE) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 6 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - Commissioner for Human Rights Establishment - Treaty of London May... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... The G-20 (Group of 20) is a group consisting of 19 of the worlds largest economies, together with the European Union. ...

Etymology

Main article: Name of Turkey

The name for Turkey in the Turkish language, Türkiye, can be divided into two words: Türk, which means "strong" in Old Turkic and usually signifying the inhabitants of Turkey or a member of the Turkish or Turkic peoples,^[11] a later form of "tu-kin", name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC;^[12] and the abstract suffix -iye, which means "owner" or "related to". The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Sky Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin "Turchia" (c. 1369).^[12] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Turkey. ... Turkish (, ) is a Turkic language, and thus a member of the proposed Altaic language family. ... The Turkic language spoken by the GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... The Altay Mountains (Russian: ; Mongolian: , Altai) are a mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together, and where the great rivers Irtysh, Ob and Yenisei have their sources. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Arabic is a Semitic language. ... It has been suggested that Ethnonym be merged into this article or section. ... Orkhon tablet Inscription in Kyzyl using Orkhon script Orkhon script The Orkhon script (also spelled Orhon script, also Orkhon-Yenisey script, Old Turkic script, GÃ¶ktÃ¼rk script, Turkish: Orhon YazÄ±tlarÄ±) is the alphabet used by the GÃ¶ktÃ¼rk from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic... The GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks or KÃ¶k-TÃ¼rks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... Medieval Latin refers to the Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church. ...

History

Pre-Turkic History of Anatolia

Main article: History of Anatolia

Portion of the legendary walls of Troy (VII), identified as the site of the Trojan War (ca. 1200 BCE)

The Anatolian peninsula (also called Asia Minor), comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest continually inhabited regions in the world due to its location at the intersection of Asia and Europe. The earliest Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to Pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin are considered to be among the earliest human settlements in the world.^[13] The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated.^[14] The History of Anatolia // Timeline Neolithic Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with Neolithic settlements such as Ã‡atalhÃ¶yÃ¼k (Pottery Neolithic), Ã‡ayÃ¶nÃ¼ (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori... Image File history File links Troy1. ... Image File history File links Troy1. ... Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... The fall of Troy, by Johann Georg Trautmann (1713â€“1769). ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Excavations at the South Area of Ã‡atal HÃ¶yÃ¼k Ã‡atalhÃ¶yÃ¼k (also Ã‡atal HÃ¶yÃ¼k and Ã‡atal HÃ¼yÃ¼k, or any of the three without diacritics; Ã§atal is Turkish for fork, hÃ¶yÃ¼k for mound) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern... Ã‡ayÃ¶nÃ¼ is a Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, forty kiloemtres north-west of Diyabarkir, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. ... The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (short PPNA) represents the early neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent. ... Nevali Cori is an early Neolithic settlement in the upper Euphrates valley, eastern Turkey, around 490 m high. ... Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in Palestine. ... Hacilar is a Neolithic settlement in south western Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. ... GÃ¶bekli Tepe is an early Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. ... This article is about the city of Mersin, see Mersin Province, (named Ä°Ã§el province until 2002), for information about the surrounding area. ... Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... 14th century BCE diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... It has been suggested that Kartvel be merged into this article or section. ... Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who once created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern BoÄŸazkale) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ... Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo European language family and has been preserved in three forms: (1) Cuneiform Luwian, (2) Hieroglyphic-Luwian and (3), the somewhat later Lycian. ...

The Celsus Library in Ephesus, dating from 135 CE

The first major empire in the area was that of the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BCE. Subsequently, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BCE.^[15] The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenic periods. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1679 KB) Description: Facade of the Celsus-Library in Ephesos, Turkey. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1679 KB) Description: Facade of the Celsus-Library in Ephesos, Turkey. ... Ruins of Celsus Library Celsus library is a monumental tomb for Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, built by his son Galius Julius Aquila in 135 in Ephesus. ... Historical Map of Ephesus, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1888 Ephesus (Greek: , Turkish: ), was one of the cities of Ionia in Asia Minor, located in Lydia where the Cayster River (KÃ¼Ã§Ã¼k Menderes) flows into the Aegean Sea. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was... Location of Phrygia - traditional region (yellow) - expanded kingdom (orange line) In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ... The Cimmerians (Greek: , Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in... Lydia (Greek ) is an historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ... Location of Caria Photo of a 15th century map showing Caria. ... Lycia (Lycian: TrmÌƒmisa) is a region in the modern day Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey. ... The term Hellenistic (derived from HÃ©llÄ“n, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ...

The west coast of Anatolia was meanwhile settled by the Ionians, one of the ancient Greek peoples. The entire area was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries and later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BCE.^[16] Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which had succumbed to Rome by the mid-1st century BCE.^[17] In 324 CE, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).^[18] The Ionians were one of the three main ancient Greek ethno-linguistic groups, linked by their use of the Ionic dialect of the Greek language. ... The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ... The Achaemenid Empire (Old Persian: HakhÄmanishiyan, Ù‡Ø®Ø§Ù…Ù†Ø´ÛŒØ§Ù† also frequently, the Achaemenid Persian Empire.) (559 BCâ€“330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. ... Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BCâ€“June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336â€“323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ... The term Hellenistic (derived from HÃ©llÄ“n, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... Look up Cappadocia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Acropolis of Pergamon as seen from above Temple of Trajan at the Acropolis of Pergamon The Asklepeion of Pergamon was the worlds first hospital Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Î ÎÏÎ³Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire. ... Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February ca. ... Byzantium (Greek: Î’Ï…Î¶Î¬Î½Ï„Î¹Î¿Î½) was an ancient Greek city, which, according to legend, was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Ï‚ or Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Î½Ï„Î±Ï‚ in Greek). ... New Rome has been used for: It was a common name applied to Constantinople, the city founded by emperor Constantine I the Great in 324 (known as Byzantium before that date; renamed Istanbul in modern times). ... Map of Constantinople. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... The Western Roman Empire is the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian in 286. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

Turks and the Ottoman Empire

Main articles: Turkic migration, History of the Turkish people, Seljuk Empire, and Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (ca. 1680)

The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kinik Oğuz Turks who in the 9th century resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy.^[19] In the 10th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into the eastern Anatolian regions that had been an area of settlement for Oğuz Turkic tribes since the end of the first millennium. The present distribution of Turkic languages bears witness to the Early Medieval westward expansion of Turkic tribes. ... The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century AD by the Chinese [1], are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family. ... The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“65) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453â€“1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1684x1347, 243 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent Turkey Eastern Question Turkish people History of the Turkish people List of Ottoman... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1684x1347, 243 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent Turkey Eastern Question Turkish people History of the Turkish people List of Ottoman... The Oghuz Turks (also with various alternate spellings, including Oguz, OÄŸuz, Ouz, Okuz, Oufoi, Guozz, Ghuzz and Uz) are regarded as one of the major branches of Turkic peoples. ... Muslim history began in Arabia with Muhammads first recitations of the Quran in the 7th century. ... The Caspian Sea (Russian: ÐšÐ°ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ€Ðµ; Kazakh: ÐšÐ°ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð¹ Ñ‚ÐµÒ£Ñ–Ð·Ñ–; Turkmen: Hazar deÅˆizi; Azeri: XÉ™zÉ™r dÉ™nizi; Persian: Ø¯Ø±ÛŒØ§ÛŒ Ø®Ø²Ø± DaryÄ-ye Khazar) is the largest lake on Earth by area[2], with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18... The Aral Sea (Kazakh: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð» Ð¢ÐµÒ£Ñ–Ð·Ñ– (Aral Tengizi), Uzbek: , Russian ÐÑ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÎ¿Ðµ Ð¼Î¿Ñ€Ðµ) is a landlocked endorheic sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south. ... Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic , alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khan, but often referred to as such in...

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) is one of the most famous architectural legacies of the Ottoman Empire.

Following their victory over the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turks began to abandon their nomadic roots in favour of a permanent role in Anatolia, bringing rise to the Seljuk Empire.^[20] In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I was to evolve into the Ottoman Empire, thus filling the void left by the collapsed Seljuks and Byzantines.^[21] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x620, 127 KB) Description: The Sultan Ahmed Mosque Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 18. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x620, 127 KB) Description: The Sultan Ahmed Mosque Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 18. ... The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkish: Sultanahmet Camii) is a mosque in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the capital of the Ottoman Empire (from 1453 to 1923). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks Commanders Romanus IV #, Nikephoros Bryennios, Theodore Alyates, Andronikos Doukas Alp Arslan Strength ~ 40,000 [1] ~ 15,000 [2] Casualties ~ 8,000 [3] Unknown The Battle of Manzikert, or The Battle of Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turkish forces led by Alp... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Another picture of Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Ð˜Ñ… ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» Ð£Ð»Ñ, literally meaning Greater Mongol Nation; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous land empire in history, covering over 33 million kmÂ² [1] (12 million square miles) at its peak, with an estimated population of over 100 million... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines, is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenized citizens of the Byzantine Empire, centered mainly in Constantinople, southern Balkans, the Greek islands, the coasts of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and the large urban centres of Near East and...

The Ottoman Empire interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures throughout its 623-year history. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was among the world's most powerful political entities, often locking horns with the powers of eastern Europe in its steady advance through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[3] Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I through the Ottoman-German Alliance in 1914, and was ultimately defeated. After the war, the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman state through the Treaty of Sèvres.^[21] The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of the East, namely Asia (including China, India, Japan, and surrounding regions). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Western World. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The Ottoman-German Alliance was an alliance established between the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on August 2nd, 1914. ... Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... The Treaty of SÃ¨vres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in SÃ¨vres, France. ...

Republican era

Main articles: History of the Republic of Turkey and Atatürk's reforms

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey

The occupation of İstanbul and İzmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement.^[3] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.^[2] By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were repelled and the country saw the birth of the new Turkish state. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of Ankara.^[3] History of Turkey redirects here. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ataturk_6_August_1929. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ataturk_6_August_1929. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries Commanders Mustafa Kemal 1 1commander during restoration. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Establishment of Turkish national movement explains the initial stages of the alliance that will become Turkish revolutionaries which waged an independence war that resulted in decleration of Republic of Turkey. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Combatants British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk Strength 5 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) 6 divisions Casualties 252,000 251,309 The Battle of Gallipoli took place at Gallipoli from April 1915 to... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... The Grand National Assembly (TÃ¼rkiye BÃ¼yÃ¼k Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... Sultan (Arabic: Ø³Ù„Ø·Ø§Ù†) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Succession of states. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ...

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first president and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.^[3] According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific name "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks) in 1934.^[2] Presidential flag of Turkey. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...

Turkey entered World War II on the side of the Allies on February 23, 1945 as a ceremonial gesture and became a charter member of the United Nations in 1945.^[4] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale US military and economic support.^[22] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, James Van Fleet Markos Vafiadis Strength 150,000 men 50,000 men and women Casualties 15,000 killed 32,000+ killed or captured The Greek Civil War (Greek: ) was fought between 1946 and... Bosporus - photo taken from International Space Station. ... The Truman Doctrine was a proclamation by U.S. president Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947. ...

After participating with United Nations forces in the Korean conflict, Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of intercommunal violence on the island of Cyprus and the subsequent Athens-inspired coup, Turkey intervened militarily in 1974. Nine years later Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was established. TRNC is recognised only by Turkey.^[23] Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... Combatants Greek Cypriots Aided by Hellenic Republic Turkish Cypriots Aided by Republic of Turkey Strength 30,000[1] 5,000[2] The Cypriot Civil War refers to a period of inter-ethnic conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots on the island of Cyprus from 1963 to 1974. ... Combatants Turkey Cyprus Greek military junta The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, referred as the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation by Turkey was a military action against the island nation of Cyprus by Turkey that resulted in the partition of the Republic of Cyprus. ... Combatants Turkey Cyprus Greek military junta The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, referred as the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation by Turkey was a military action against the island nation of Cyprus by Turkey that resulted in the partition of the Republic of Cyprus. ... Anthem Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Sovereignty from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition Only by Turkey Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (not ranked) 1,295 sq mi - Water (%) 2. ...

Following the end of the single-party period in 1945, the multi-party period witnessed tensions over the following decades, and the period between the 1960s and the 1980s was particularly marked by periods of political instability that resulted in a number of military coups d'états in 1960, 1971, 1980 and a post-modern coup d'état in 1997.^[24] The liberalization of the Turkish economy that started in the 1980s changed the landscape of the country, with successive periods of high growth and crises punctuating the following decades.^[25] AtatÃ¼rk, modern Turkeys founder and first President The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923 (the Republic was declared on January 20, 1921), with Mustafa Kemal (AtatÃ¼rk) as its first president. ... This page summarizes the history after the Multi-party period. ... Turkey was affected by violent clashes during the 1970s between left-wing groups and neo-fascists organizations, which culminated in the 1980 military coup. ... // A coup dÃ‰tat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment â€” mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... The Military coup in Turkey, 1960 was a coup detat staged by a group of radical officers in their mid-forties and in the ranks of colonel and below of the Turkish Armed Forces against the 19th government of the Democratic Party on May 27, 1960. .

Contents

History

Pre-Turkic History of Anatolia

Turks and the Ottoman Empire

Republican era