The abbreviation, acronym, or initialismSAP has several different meanings: It has been suggested that Apocopation be merged into this article or section. ... Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. ... Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. ...
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Sapping, or undermining, was a siege method used since Antiquity against a walled city, fortress or castle.
Successful sapping usually ended the battle since either the defenders would no longer be able to defend and surrender, or the attackers would simply charge in and engage the defenders in close combat.
Sapping saw a brief resurgence as a military tactic during the First World War when army engineers would attempt to break the stalemate of trench warfare by tunneling under no man's land and laying large quantities of explosives beneath the enemy's trench.
Groundwater sapping is erosion by groundwater that emerges as seeps and springs.
Groundwater sapping is presumed to be able to function at low temperatures because groundwater could remain unfrozen at depth because of the high geothermal heat gradient on early Mars, and water emerging at springs might occur beneath a protective ice cap even at low temperatures.
In this and the previous sapping simulation the origin of the groundwater that is producing the sapping channels is assumed to be areally uniform.
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