44 technetium ← Ruthenium → rhodium Fe ↑ Ru ↓ Os Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	Ruthenium, Ru, 44
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	8, 5, d
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight	101.07(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Physical properties
Density (near r.t.)	12.45 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	10.65 g·cm−3
Melting point	2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F)
Boiling point	4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F)
Heat of fusion	38.59 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	591.6 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 24.06 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1,[1] (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.3 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1620 kJ/mol
	3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	130 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	178 pm
Covalent radius	126 pm
Miscellaneous
Electrical resistivity	(0 °C) 71 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 117 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 6.4 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 5970 m/s
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-18-8
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of ruthenium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 96Ru 5.52% 96Ru is stable with 52 neutrons 97Ru syn 2.9 d ε - 97Tc γ 0.215, 0.324 - 98Ru 1.88% 98Ru is stable with 54 neutrons 99Ru 12.7% 99Ru is stable with 55 neutrons 100Ru 12.6% 100Ru is stable with 56 neutrons 101Ru 17.0% 101Ru is stable with 57 neutrons 102Ru 31.6% 102Ru is stable with 58 neutrons 103Ru syn 39.26 d β- 0.226 103Rh γ 0.497 - 104Ru 18.7% 104Ru is stable with 60 neutrons 106Ru syn 373.59 d β- 0.039 106Rh
References

Ruthenium (pronounced /ruːˈθiːniəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. A rare transition metal of the platinum group of the periodic table, ruthenium is found associated with platinum ores and used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. General Name, Symbol, Number technetium, Tc, 43 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metal Standard atomic weight [98](0) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Kr] 4d5 5s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rhodium, Rh, 45 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 102. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number osmium, Os, 76 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 6, d Appearance silvery, blue cast Standard atomic weight 190. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Ruthenium User:Femto/elements e6 Categories: Images with unknown source ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... A Group 8 element is an element in periodic table group 8 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, which consists of: Iron (26) Ruthenium (44) Osmium (76) Hassium (108) All of these elements are classed in Group 8 because their valence shell holds four electrons. ... A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Ruthenium sample. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... For other uses, see Krypton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. ... K value redirects here. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... This page is about the physical speed of sound waves in a medium. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... In materials science, shear modulus, G, or sometimes S or μ, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; force acts on area ; = shear strain; length changes by amount . ... The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ... Figure 1: Rectangular specimen subject to compression, with Poissons ratio circa 0. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Ruthenium (Ru) Standard atomic mass: 101. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 105 seconds and 106 seconds (27. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... General Name, Symbol, Number technetium, Tc, 43 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metal Standard atomic weight [98](0) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Kr] 4d5 5s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds (a megasecond) and 107 seconds (11. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rhodium, Rh, 45 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 102. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 116 days and 1157 days or 3. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rhodium, Rh, 45 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 102. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... The platinum group or platinum metals is the collective name sometimes used for six chemical elements within the periodic table. ... The Periodic Table redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ...

Notable characteristics

A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal temperatures, but does oxidize readily on exposure to air to form ruthenium tetroxide, RuO₄, a strong oxidising agent with properties analogous to those of osmium tetroxide. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium. The platinum group or platinum metals is the collective name sometimes used for six chemical elements within the periodic table. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is a yellow, diamagnetic tetrahedral ruthenium compound. ... The chemical compound osmium tetroxide (OsO4), also known as osmium tetraoxide, osmium(VIII) oxide, or osmic acid, is an oxide of the element osmium. ... This article is about the chemical series. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... For other uses, see Palladium (disambiguation). ... For the hazard, see corrosive. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ...

This metal can be plated either through electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy has been found to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The oxidation states of ruthenium range from +1 to +8, and -2 is known, though oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4 are most common. Electroplating is the the coating of an electrically conductive item with a layer of metal using electrical current. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ...

Applications

Due to its ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. It is sometimes alloyed with gold in jewelry. 0.1% ruthenium is added to titanium to improve its corrosion resistance a hundredfold.^[2] An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... Electrical switches. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ...

Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal superalloys, with applications including the turbine blades in jet engines. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Superalloy. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ...

Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. From 1944 onward, the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was fitted with the "RU" nib, a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2% ruthenium and 3.8% iridium. A fountain pen is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, that contains a reservoir of water-based ink that is fed to a nib through a feed via a combination of gravity and capillary action. ... The Parker 51, introduced in 1941, may well be the most famous fountain pen ever made. ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split by light by using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. This may be useful in the removal of H₂S from oil refineries and from other industrial processes. Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... General Name, Symbol, Number cadmium, Cd, 48 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metallic Standard atomic weight 112. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California. ...

Ruthenium is a component of mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for chemical processes such as generating chlorine from saltwater.

Organometallic ruthenium carbene and allenylidene complexes have recently been found as highly efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis with important applications in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Organometallic have classically been compounds having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group. ... In chemistry a carbene is a short-lived and highly reactive organic molecule with a divalent carbon atom with only six valence electrons and the general formula: R1R2C: . The carbon atom is sp2 hybridised with an empty p-orbital extending above and below a plane containing R1 and R2 and... Olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation (in some literature, a disproportionation) is an organic reaction which involves redistribution of olefinic (alkene) bonds. ...

Some ruthenium complexes absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched in various, potential, solar energy technologies. Ruthenium-based dyes have been used as the electron providers in dye-sensitized solar cells, a promising new low-cost solar cell system. In physics, absorption is the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. ... Ultraviolet image of the Sun. ... Dye-sensitized solar cells are photoelectrochemical cells that use photo-sensitization of wide-band-gap mesoporous oxide semiconductors. ... A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ...

The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, which has led to their use as optode sensors for oxygen. Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ... An optode or optrode is an optical sensor device that optically measures a specific substance usually with the aid of a chemical transducer. ...

Ruthenium red, [(NH₃)₅Ru-O-Ru(NH₃)₄-O-Ru(NH₃)₅]⁶⁺, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Ruthenium red is a Ruthenium containing red dye. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ... Highly simplified diagram of a double-stranded nucleic acid. ... Microscopy is any technique for producing visible images of structures or details too small to otherwise be seen by the human eye. ... The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons rather than light to scatter off material, magnifying at levels up to 500,000 times. ...

The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomae of the uvea. Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. ... For the Pacific island, see Wallis Island. ...

Ruthenium-centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties.^[3] Ruthenium, unlike traditional platinum complexes, show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors. NAMI-A and KP1019 are two drugs undergoing clinical evaluation against metastatic tumors and colon cancers.

Applications of Ruthenium Thin Films in Microelectronics

Relatively recently, ruthenium has been suggested as a material that could beneficially replace other metals and silicides in microelectronics components. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄) is highly volatile, as is ruthenium trioxide (RuO₃).^[4] By oxidizing ruthenium (for example with an oxygen plasma) into the volatile oxides, ruthenium can be easily patterned.^[5][6][7][8] The properties of the common ruthenium oxides make ruthenium a metal compatible with the semiconductor processing techniques needed to manufacture microelectronics.

In order to continue miniaturization of microelectronics, new materials are needed as dimensions change. There are three main applications for thin ruthenium films in microelectronics. The first is using thin films of ruthenium as electrodes on both sides of tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) or barium strontium titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO₃, also known as BST) in the next generation of three-dimensional dynamic random access memories (DRAMs).^[9][10][11] Ruthenium thin film electrodes could also be deposited on top of lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr_xTi_1-x)O₃, also known as PZT) in another kind of RAM, ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM).^[12][13] Platinum has been used as the electrodes in RAMs in laboratory settings, but it is difficult to pattern. Ruthenium is chemically similar to platinum, preserving the function of the RAMs, but in contrast to Pt patterns easily. The second is using thin ruthenium films is as metal gates in p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (p-MOSFETs).^[14] When replacing silicide gates with metal gates in MOSFETs, a key property of the metal is its work function. The work function needs to match the surrounding materials. For p-MOSFETs, the ruthenium work function is the best materials property match with surrounding materials such as HfO₂, HfSiO_x, HfNO_x, and HfSiNO_x, to achieve the desired electrical properties. The third large-scale application for ruthenium films is as a combination adhesion promoter and electroplating seed layer between TaN and Cu in the copper dual damascene process.^{[15][16][17][18][19]} Copper can be directly electroplated onto ruthenium^[20], in contrast to tantalum nitride. Copper also adheres poorly to TaN, but well to Ru. By depositing a layer of ruthenium on the TaN barrier layer, copper adhesion would be improved and deposition of a copper seed layer would not be necessary. Dram can mean several things: Dram (unit), an imperial unit of volume Dram, an imperial unit of weight or mass, see avoirdupois and apothecaries system Ottoman dram, a unit of weight, see dirhem Armenian dram, a monetary unit DRAM, a type of RAM Category: ... Look up RAM, Ram, ram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fram (Forward) was a ship used in expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912. ... Look up RAM, Ram, ram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up RAM, Ram, ram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A silicide is a compound that has silicon with more electropositive elements. ... The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is by far the most common field-effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. ... The work function is the minimum energy (usually measured in electron volts) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside the solid surface. ...

There are also other uses suggested. In 1990, IBM scientists discovered that a thin layer of ruthenium atoms created a strong anti-parallel coupling between adjacent ferromagnetic layers, stronger than any other nonmagnetic spacer-layer element. Such a ruthenium layer was used in the first giant magnetoresistive read element for hard disk drives. In 2001, IBM announced a three-atom-thick layer of the element ruthenium, informally referred to as pixie dust, which would allow a quadrupling of the data density of current hard disk drive media.^[21] For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon by which a material can exhibit a spontaneous magnetization, and is one of the strongest forms of magnetism. ... The Giant Magnetoresistive Effect (GMR) is a quantum mechanical effect observed in thin film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers. ... A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. ... Pixie dust is the trail of sparkling material that often follows mythical creatures such as pixies and fairies in general when they are visually represented. ...

History

Ruthenium was discovered and isolated by Russian scientist Karl Klaus in 1844 in Kazan University, Kazan. Klaus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. This article or section should be merged with Timeline of chemical element discovery The story of the discoveries of the chemical elements is presented here in chronological order. ... Karl Klaus Karl Klaus (22 January 1796 – 24 March 1864) was a Russian chemist, professor at Kazan State University, and discoverer of ruthenium. ... Jan. ... Kazan State University is located in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. ... This article is about the capital city of Tatarstan. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns orange within seconds. ...

Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. The men examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium. Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 - August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist, who invented modern chemical notation and is considered one of the fathers of modern chemistry (along with John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier). ... Gottfried Wilhelm Osann Gottfried Wilhelm Osann (26 October 1797 – 9 September 1866) was a German-Russian chemist. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns orange within seconds. ...

The name derives from Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus', a historical area which includes present-day western Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Slovakia and Poland. Karl Klaus named the element in honour of his birthland, as he was born in Tartu, Estonia, which was at the time a part of the Russian Empire. Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Originally Rus (Русь, Rus’) was a medieval country and state that comprised mostly Early East Slavs. ... County Area 38. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...

It is also possible that Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called vestium) from platinum ores in 1807. However his work was never confirmed, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery. JÄ™drzej Åšniadecki JÄ™drzej Åšniadecki (1768 - 1838) was a Polish writer, physician, chemist and biologist. ...

Occurrence

Normal mining

This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Pentlandite is a iron-nickel sulfide, (Fe,Ni)9S8. ... Greater Sudbury (2001 census population 155,219) is a city in Northern Ontario. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... Pyroxenite is a rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite and diallage, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite. ...

Ruthenium is exceedingly rare and is the 74th most abundant metal on earth [Nature's Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001]. Roughly 12MT of Ru is mined each year with world reserves estimated to be 5000mt [Nature's Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001].

This metal is commercially isolated through a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. The powder is then consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... A ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Manual Metal Arc welding, also known as stick or MMA welding is one of the most common forms of welding. ...

From used nuclear fuels

It is also possible to extract ruthenium from used nuclear fuel. Each kilo of fission products of ²³⁵U will contain 63.44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The ¹⁰³Ru and ¹⁰⁶Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to ¹⁰³Ru of 109 TBq g^-1 and ¹⁰⁶Ru of 1.52 TBq g^-1. Ru 103 has a half life of about 39 days meaning that within 390 days it will have effectively decayed to ground state, well before any reprocessing is likely to occur. Ru 106 has a half life of about 373 days meaning that if the fuel is let to cool for 5 years before reprocessing only about 3% of the original quantity will remain, the rest will have decayed to ground state. Used low enriched uranium nuclear fuel is an example of a nanomaterial which existed before the term nano became fashionable, in the oxide fuel intense temperture gradients exist which cause fission products to migrate. ...

The radioactivity in MBq per gram of each of the platinum group metals which are formed by the fission of uranium. Of the metals shown, ruthenium is the most radioactive. Palladium has an almost constant activity due to the very long lived ¹⁰⁷Pd while rhodium is the least radioactive

See also Ruthenium minerals. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 489 pixelsFull resolution (979 × 598 pixel, file size: 12 KB, MIME type: image/png) I drew it using public domain data and a series of calculations done myself I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 489 pixelsFull resolution (979 × 598 pixel, file size: 12 KB, MIME type: image/png) I drew it using public domain data and a series of calculations done myself I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the...

Compounds

Ruthenium compounds are often similar in properties to those of osmium and exhibit at least eight oxidation states, but the +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. Examples are ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru(IV)O₂, oxidation state +4), dipotassium ruthenate (K₂Ru(VI)O₄, +6), potassium perruthenate (KRu(VII)O₄, +7) and ruthenium tetroxide (Ru(VIII)O₄, +8). Compounds of ruthenium with chlorine are ruthenium(II) chloride (RuCl₂) and ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl₃). Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, Symbol, Number osmium, Os, 76 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 6, d Appearance silvery, blue cast Standard atomic weight 190. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is a yellow, diamagnetic tetrahedral ruthenium compound. ... Ruthenium(III) chloride is a dark brown or black solid which is commonly used as a starting material in ruthenium chemistry. ...

See also Ruthenium compounds.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of ruthenium

Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven isotopes. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰⁶Ru with a half-life of 373.59 days, ¹⁰³Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and ⁹⁷Ru with a half-life of 2.9 days. Ruthenium (Ru) Standard atomic mass: 101. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...

Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 u (⁹⁰Ru) to 114.928 u (¹¹⁵Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes except ⁹⁵Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and ¹⁰⁵Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours). ... The atomic mass unit (amu), unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. ...

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, ¹⁰²Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before ¹⁰²Ru is technetium and the primary mode after is rhodium. In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... General Name, Symbol, Number technetium, Tc, 43 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metal Standard atomic weight [98](0) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Kr] 4d5 5s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rhodium, Rh, 45 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 102. ...

Organometallic chemistry

Ruthenium is a versatile metal that can easily form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, as these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium compounds. Recently, Professor Anthony Hill and his co-workers have been making compounds of ruthenium in which a boron atom binds to the metal atom^[22]. General Name, Symbol, Number osmium, Os, 76 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 6, d Appearance silvery, blue cast Standard atomic weight 190. ... For other uses, see Boron (disambiguation). ...

The organometallic ruthenium compound that is easiest to make is RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃. This compound has two forms (yellow and pink) that are identical once they are dissolved but different in the solid state. Organometallic have classically been compounds having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group. ...

An organometallic compound similar to ruthenocene, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, is readily synthesized in near quantitative yields and has applications in vapor-phase deposition of metallic ruthenium, as well as in catalysis, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of transportation fuels. Organometallic have classically been compounds having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group. ... Ruthenocene, C10H10Ru, is an organometallic compound consisting of a ruthenium ion sandwiched in between two cyclopentadiene rings. ... BIS is an acronym standing for: Bank for International Settlements Barratt Impulsivity Scale, a self administered test to measure impulsivity Benevolent Irish Society Bispectral index Bislama language (ISO 639 alpha-3, bis) Bohemia Interactive Studio Bezpecnostni informacni sluzba, the Czech intelligence agency Best in Show, the highest placing in a... Comparison between a clean Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (flask with clear liquid) and conventional No. ...

Important catalysts based on ruthenium are Grubbs' catalyst and Roper's complex. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Grubbs Catalyst is a transition metal carbene complex named after the chemist by whom it was first synthesized, Robert H. Grubbs. ... Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (0) or Ropers complex is a ruthenium metal carbonyl . ...

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ruthenium

A unique challenge arises in trying to grow impurity-free films of a catalyst. Ruthenium metal activates C-H and C-C bonds, which aids C-H and C-C bond scission. This creates a potential catalytic decomposition path for all metal-organic CVD precursors that is likely to lead to significant carbon incorporation. Platinum, a chemically similar catalyst, catalyzes dehydrogenation of five- and six-member cyclic hydrocarbons into benzene.^[23] The d-bands of ruthenium lie higher than those in platinum, generally predicting stronger ruthenium-adsorbate bonds than on platinum.21 Therefore, it is likely that ruthenium also catalyzes dehydrogenation of five- and six-member hydrocarbon rings to benzene. Benzene dehydrogenates further on ruthenium surfaces into hydrocarbon fragments similar to those formed by acetylene and ethene on ruthenium surfaces.^[24][25] In addition to benzene, acetylene and ethene, pyridine also decomposes on ruthenium surfaces, leaving bound fragments on the surface.^[26]

Ruthenium is unusually well studied in the surface science and catalysis literature due to its industrial importance as a catalyst. There are many studies of individual molecular behavior on ruthenium in surface science. However, understanding the behavior of each ligand on its own is not equivalent to understanding their behavior when co-adsorbed with each other and with the precursor. While there is no significant pressure difference between surface science studies and CVD, there is often a temperature gap between temperatures reported in surface science studies and CVD growth temperatures. Despite these complications, ruthenium is a promising candidate for understanding chemical vapor deposition and precursor design of catalytic films.

Ligands that are stable compounds in their own right, short ligand-ruthenium contact times and moderate substrate temperatures help minimize unwanted ligand decomposition on the surface.^[27][28][29] The C-H and C-C bond activation is temperature-dependent. Product desorption is also temperature-dependent, if the products are not bound to the ruthenium surface. This suggests that there is some optimum temperature, at which most independently stable ligands have just enough thermal energy to desorb from the ruthenium film surface before C-H activation can occur. For example, benzene starts decomposing on ruthenium at 87°C. However, the dehydrogenation reaction does not go to fragments until 277°C, and compete fragmentation is not seen at low surface coverages. This suggests that provided adsorbed benzene molecules are not close to one another on the surface and temperatures are below 277°C, the vast majority of benzene molecules may not contribute to carbon incorporation in films. Therefore, a key consideration in growing CVD films of catalytic metals such as ruthenium is combining molecule design and the kinetic aspects of growth in a favorable way.

Before metal-organic precursors were explored, triruthenium dodecacarbonyl (Ru3(CO)12) was tested as a CVD precursor.^[30][31] While this precursor gives good-quality films, the vapor pressure is poor, complicating its practical use in a CVD process. Ruthenocene^[32][33] and bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II)^{[34][35][36][37]} and beta-diketonate ruthenium(II) compounds^[38][39][40] have been fairly extensively explored. Although these precursors also can give pure films of low resistivity when reacted with oxygen, the growth rates are very low or not reported. One high-growth precursor, cyclopentadienyl-propylcyclopentadienylruthenium(II) (RuCp(i-PrCp)), has been identified.^[41] (RuCp(i-PrCp) has achieved growth rates of 7.5nm/min to 20 nm/min as well as low resistivities. However, it does not nucleate on oxides, ruling out its use in all applications but copper interconnect playing layers.

A new zero-valent, single-source precursor design paradigm was launched by Schneider et al with (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(toluene)Ru(0) ((1,5-COD)(toluene)Ru)^[42] and (1,3-cyclohexadiene)(benzene)Ru(0) ((1,3-CHD)(benzene)Ru)^[43], also independently tested by Choi et al.^[44] Using (1,5-COD)(toluene)Ru, Schneider found that C-H bonds were readily activated in 1,5-COD. Although carbon incorporation levels were low (1-3%), the growth rates were only around 0.28nm/min at best. Using (1,3-CHD)(benzene)Ru, the 1,3-CHD was dehydrogenated to benzene as expected, but the large variety of possible surface reactions involving the two ligands resulted in a narrow process window in which carbon concentrations were low.

Precautions

The compound ruthenium tetroxide, RuO₄, similar to osmium tetroxide, is volatile, highly toxic and may cause explosions if allowed to come into contact with combustible materials.^[45] Ruthenium plays no biological role but does strongly stain human skin, may be carcinogenic^[46] and bio-accumulates in bone. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is a yellow, diamagnetic tetrahedral ruthenium compound. ... The chemical compound osmium tetroxide (OsO4), also known as osmium tetraoxide, osmium(VIII) oxide, or osmic acid, is an oxide of the element osmium. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... To bioaccumulate literally means to accumulate in a biological system. ...

References

1. ^ Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
2. ^ It's Elemental - Ruthenium
3. ^ Richards, A.D. & Rodger, A. (2007). Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure Chem. Soc. Rev. 36 471-483.
4. ^ Wei, P.; Desu, S. B., Reactive ion etching of RuO₂ films: the role of additive gases in O₂ discharge. Physica Status Solidi A 1997, 161, (1), 201-15.
5. ^ Lesaicherre, P. Y.; Yamamichi, S.; Takemura, K.; Yamaguchi, H.; Tokashiki, K.; Miyasaka, Y.; Yoshida, M.; Ono, H., A Gbit-scale DRAM stacked capacitor with ECR MOCVD SrTiO3 over RIE patterned RuO₂/TiN storage nodes. Integrated Ferroelectrics 1995, 11, (1-4), 81-100.
6. ^ Pan, W.; Desu, S. B., Reactive Ion Etching of RuO₂, Thin-Films Using the Gas-Mixture O₂ Cf3cfh2. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 1994, 12, (6), 3208-3213.
7. ^ Vijay, D. P.; Desu, S. B.; Pan, W., Reactive Ion Etching of Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) Thin-Film Capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1993, 140, (9), 2635-2639.
8. ^ Saito, S.; Kuramasu, K., Plasma etching of RuO2 thin films. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1992, 31, (1), 135-8.
9. ^ Aoyama, T.; Eguchi, K., Ruthenium films prepared by liquid source chemical vapor deposition using bis-(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1999, 38, (10A), 1134-6.
10. ^ Iizuka, T.; Arita, K.; Yamamoto, I.; Yamamichi, S., (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ thin film capacitors with Ru electrodes for application to ULSI processes. NEC Research and Development 2001, 42, (1), 64-9.
11. ^ Yamamichi, S.; Lesaicherre, P. Y.; Yamaguchi, H.; Takemura, K.; Sone, S.; Yabuta, H.; Sato, K.; Tamura, T.; Nakajima, K.; Ohnishi, S.; Tokashiki, K.; Hayashi, Y.; Kato, Y.; Miyasaka, Y.; Yoshida, M.; Ono, H., A stacked capacitor technology with ECR plasma MOCVD (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ and RuO₂/Ru/TiN/TiSi_x storage nodes for Gb-scale DRAM's. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 1997, 44, (7), 1076-1083.
12. ^ Bandaru, J.; Sands, T.; Tsakalakos, L., Simple Ru electrode scheme for ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃ capacitors directly on silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 1998, 84, (2), 1121-1125.
13. ^ Maiwa, H.; Ichinose, N.; Okazaki, K., Preparation and properties of Ru and RuO₂ thin film electrodes for ferroelectric thin films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1994, 33, (9B), 5223-6.
14. ^ Misra, V.; Lucovsky, G.; Parsons, G., Issues in high-kappa gate stack interfaces. MRS Bulletin 2002, 27, (3), 212-216.
15. ^ Chan, R.; Arunagiri, T. N.; Zhang, Y.; Chyan, O.; Wallace, R. M.; Kim, M. J.; Hurd, T. Q., Diffusion Studies of Copper on Ruthenium Thin Film. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 2004, 7, (8), G154-G157.
16. ^ Cho, S. K.; Kim, S.-K.; Kim, J. J.; Oh, S. M., Damascene Cu electrodeposition on metal organic chemical vapor deposition-grown Ru thin film barrier. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 2004, 22, (6), 2649-2653.
17. ^ Chyan, O.; Arunagiri, T. N.; Ponnuswamy, T., Electrodeposition of Copper Thin Film on Ruthenium. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2003, 150, (5), C347-C350.
18. ^ Kwon, O.-K.; Kwon, S.-H.; Park, H.-S.; Kang, S.-W., PEALD of a Ruthenium Adhesion Layer for Copper Interconnects. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2004, 151, (12), C753-C756.
19. ^ Kwon, O.-K.; Kim, J.-H.; Park, H.-S.; Kang, S.-W., Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Thin Films for Copper Glue Layer. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2004, 151, (2), G109-G112.
20. ^ Moffat, T. P.; Walker, M.; Chen, P. J.; Bonevich, J. E.; Egelhoff, W. F.; Richter, L.; Witt, C.; Aaltonen, T.; Ritala, M.; Leskelä, M.; Josella, D., Electrodeposition of Cu on Ru Barrier Layers for Damascene Processing. Journal of The Electrochemical