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The history of terrorism is a history of the various types of terrorism and terrorist individuals and groups. Terrorist redirects here. ... Few words are as politically or emotionally chared States Army|US Army]][1] counted 109 definitions of terrorism that covered a total of 22 different definitional elements. ... International conventions on terrorism set out obligations of states in respect to defining international counter terrorist offences, prosecuting individuals suspected of such offences, extraditing such persons upon request, and providing mutual legal assistance upon request. ... Anti-terrorism legislation designs all types of laws passed in the purported aim of fighting terrorism. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is campaign begun by the Bush administration which includes various military, political, and legal actions taken to ostensibly curb the spread of terrorism following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. ... The term Red Terror may refer to: The Russian 1918-1922 Red Terror Spanish Red Terror during the Civil War Red terror (Spain) The 1977-1978 Red Terror in Ethiopia The race horse Red Terror The Red Terror, a figure in the Warhammer 40,000 game. ... It has been suggested that The White Terror (France) be merged into this article or section. ... Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, and there is no international consensus on the bureaucratic definition of terrorism. ... The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state terrorism. ... Communist terrorism (or Communist terror) is terrorism committed by Communist organizations or Communist states against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear [1] [2][3] After Islamic groups, Communist groups are the largest number of organizations on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. ... Eco-terrorism or ecoterrorism is the concept of terrorism conducted for the sake of ecological or environmental causes. ... Narcoterrorism is a term coined by former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nations anti-narcotics police. ... Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism through which participants attempt to form an independent state against what they consider an occupying, imperial, or otherwise illegitimate state. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Terrorism. ... 15:40, 25 January 2007 (UTC)168. ... Religious terrorism refers to terrorism justified or motivated by religion and is a form of religious violence. ... The Ku Klux Klan with a fiery cross Christian terrorism is a form of militant extremism that attempts to spread fear and terror, to perpetrate ideological goals, through violent attacks against civilian populations. ... Islamist terrorism, sometimes called Islamic terrorism, is terrorism that is carried out to further the political and religious ambitions of a segment of the Muslim community. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The definitions of state-sponsored terrorism, terrorism, and state terrorism are controversial. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The term Agro-terrorism is a controversial neologism used to describe threats by a terrorist act on the food chain. ... For the use of biological agents in warfare, see Biological warfare. ... For other uses, see Car bomb (disambiguation). ... Environmental terrorism is the unlawful destruction of resources in order to deprive others of its use. ... Hijackers inside flightdeck of TWA Flight 847 Aircraft hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take-over of an aircraft, by a person or group, usually armed. ... Nuclear terrorism denotes the use of nuclear weapons, radiological weapons (dirty bombs), or attacks against local facilities that handle nuclear material with mass destruction in mind. ... Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. ... The Proxy Bomb (also known as a human bomb) was a tactic used by the Provisional IRA for a short time in 1990s, whereby people were forced to drive car bombs into military targets. ... A suicide attack is an attack on a military or civilian target, in which an attacker intends to kill others, knowing that he or she will either certainly or most likely die in the process (see suicide). ... A terrorist front organization is created to conceal activities or provide logistical or financial support to the illegal activities. ... This article is about acts of terrorism. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Terrorist redirects here. ...

Definition

For more details and the etymology of the word, see "Definition of terrorism"

For the purposes of this article the definition used will be the one made in a United Nations report entitled Larger Freedom on 17 March 2005: Few words are as politically or emotionally chared States Army|US Army]][1] counted 109 definitions of terrorism that covered a total of 22 different definitional elements. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

"[any action] intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act."^[1]

It is important to distinguish between terrorism, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In general, acts of policy by a government taken against civilians are considered either war crimes (if during wartime) or crimes against humanity (peacetime) and not terrorism. An exception is state-sponsored terrorism, which is where a government assists another group which commits the terrorism. In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The definitions of state-sponsored terrorism, terrorism, and state terrorism are controversial. ...

Underground resistance groups are often branded terrorists by the authorities they oppose. Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ...

Ancient World

Sicarii Zealots

Political scientists see the radical Sicarii offshoot of the Jewish Zealots as one of the earliest forerunners of modern terrorism.^[2] Like modern terrorists, they intended their actions to suggest a message to a wider target audience: in this instance, the Roman imperial officials and all pro-Roman and collaborationist Jews^[3]. Sicarii (Latin plural of Sicarius dagger- or later contract- killer) is a term applied, in the decades immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, to the Jewish Zealots, (or insurgents) who attempted to expel the Romans and their partisans from Judea: —Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (xx. ...

Al-Assasin

The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin or Assassins) were an offshoot of the Ismā'īlī sect of shiite Muslims. After a quarrel about the succession of leadership in the ruling Fatimide dynasty in Cairo around the year 1090, the losing Nizāriyya faction were driven from Egypt. They established a number of fortified settlements in present day Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon under the charismatic leader Hasan i Sabbah. Persecuted as infidels by the dominant sunni sect in the Muslim world, they sent dedicated suicide murderers to eliminate prominent Sunni leaders ^[4] whom they considered "impious usurpers." The sect was decimated by the invading Mongols, their last stronghold being flattened by Hülegü Khan in the year 1272. Some scholars believe the term Hashshashin, a name given to them by their enemies, was derived from the Arabic "haššāšīn" (حشّاشين, "hashish user"), which they are alleged to have ingested prior to their attacks, but this etymology is disputed. The sect referred to themselves as al-da'wa al-jadīda (Arabic:الدعوة الجديدة), which means the new doctrine, and were known within the organization as Fedayeen. Hashshashin fortress of Alamut. ...

Seventeenth century

Gunpowder Plot (1605)

Main article: Gunpowder Plot

On November 5, 1605 a group of conspirators, led by Guy Fawkes, attempted to destroy the English Parliament on the State Opening, by detonating a large quantity of gunpowder secretly placed beneath the building. The design was to kill King James I and the members of both houses of Parliament. In the resulting anarchy, the conspirators planned to implement a coup and restore the Catholic faith to England. However the plan was betrayed and then thwarted. The event is still annually celebrated in Britain with fireworks displays and large bonfires on 5 November each year. A contemporary sketch of the conspirators. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1605 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Guido Fawkes (disambiguation). ... “UK” redirects here. ... “Houses of Parliament” redirects here. ... In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of Parliament. ... A modern black powder substitute for muzzleloading rifles in FFG size Gunpowder (also called black powder) is a pyrotechnic composition, an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre or saltpeter) that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot solids and gases which can be used as... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords Hélène Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The aims of the conspirators are frequently compared to modern terrorists;^{[citation needed]} however, this is disputed. The plotter's aims were nothing short of a total revolution in the government of England, which would have killed the King along with leading noblemen and led to the installation of a Catholic monarch. As such the plot can be regarded as a treasonous act of attempted regicide. For other uses, see Regicide (disambiguation). ...

Eighteenth century

Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty were an underground group opposed to British Rule in the colonies, who committed several attacks, most famous among these was the Boston Tea Party. No one was killed or seriously injured by any action that was taken. This article discusses the early American patriot group. ... This article is about a 1773 American protest. ...

The Terror (1793-1794)

"Enemies of the people" headed for the guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

Main article: Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of about eleven months during the French Revolution when struggles between rival factions led to mutual radicalization which took on a violent character with mass executions by guillotine^[5]. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The term enemy of the people (Russian language: враг народа, vrag naroda) was a fluid designation under the Bolsheviks rule in regards to their real or suspected political or class opponents, sometimes including former allies. ... This article is about the decapitation device. ... For other uses of terror, see Terror; Great Fear . ... For other uses of terror, see Terror; Great Fear . ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1793 (MDCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... This article is about the decapitation device. ...

The victims of the Reign of Terror totaled approximately 40,000. Among people who were condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 8 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy, 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes.^[6]

Nineteenth century

Anarchism

Anarchists was the most prolific terrorists of the 19th century, with the terroristic tendencies of both nationalism and political movements of Communism or facism still in there infancy. The disjointed attacks of various anarchist groups lead to the assassination of Russian Tsars and American Presidents but had little real political impact.^[7]

Tsarist Russia

In Russia, by the mid-19th century, the intelligentsia grew impatient with the slow pace of Tsarist reforms, which had slowed considerably after the attempted assassination of Alexander II of Russia. Radicals then sought instead to transform peasant discontent into open revolution. Anarchists like Mikhail Bakunin maintained that progress was impossible without destruction. Their objective was nothing less than complete destruction of the state. Anything that contributed to this goal was regarded as moral. With the development of sufficiently powerful, stable, and affordable explosives, the gap closed between the firepower of the state and the means available to dissidents. The main group responsible for the resulting campaign of terror - 'Narodnaya Volya' (the people's will) (1878-81) - used the word 'terrorist' proudly. They developed certain ideas that were to become the hallmark of subsequent terrorism in many countries. They believed in the targeted killing of the 'leaders of oppression'; they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age - symbolized by bombs and bullets - enabled them to strike directly and discriminately. "People's Will", possessing only 30 members. Despite the efforts of the state police "People's Will" attempted several assassination attempts upon the Tsar. Culminating in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on 13 March 1881, killing the Tsar as he was traveling by train. ^[8] The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian: Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814 – June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. Born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian...

Irish Republican Brotherhood

In 1867 the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a revolutionary nationalist group with support from Irish-Americans, carried out attacks in England. These were the first acts of "republican terrorism", which became a recurrent feature of British history, and these Fenians were the precursor of the Irish Republican Army. The ideology of the group was Irish nationalism.^[9] The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; Bráithreachas na Poblachta in Irish) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Irish Americans (Irish: Gael-Mheiriceánach) are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in the west European island of Ireland. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... Fenian is a term used since the 1850s for Irish nationalists (who oppose British rule in Ireland). ... This article is about the historical army of the Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919–21, and the Irish Civil War 1922–23. ... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ...

Nationalist terrorism

The Fenians/IRA, and the IMRO may be considered the prototype of all 'nationalist terrorism', and equally illustrate the (itself controversial) expression that "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter". At least one of these groups achieved its goals: an independent Ireland came into being. So did an independent Macedonia, but the original IMRO probably contributed little to this outcome. Fenian is a term used since the 1860s for an Irish nationalist who espouses violence, usually by people opposed to their aims. ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later...

Some groups resorted to the use of dynamite, as did Catalan nationalists such as La Reixa and Bandera Negra.^[10] This article is about the Spanish Autonomous Community. ...

John Brown in 1859

Download high resolution version (934x1330, 99 KB)Photo of John Brown, 1859, Black and Batchelder, from Library of Congress This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (934x1330, 99 KB)Photo of John Brown, 1859, Black and Batchelder, from Library of Congress This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...

John Brown

John Brown was an abolitionist who advocated armed opposition to slavery. He committed several terrorist attacks and was also involved in the illegal smuggling of slaves. His most famous attack was upon the armory at Harpers Ferry, though the local forces would soon recapture the fort and Brown, trying and executing him for treason. His death would make him a martyr to the abolitionist cause, one of the origins of the American Civil War, and a hero to the Union forces that fought in it. John Brown, ca. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... This article is about a 19th-century slave escape route. ... The Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, located in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (then part of Virginia), was the second federal armory commissioned by the new United States government, the first being the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. ... Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1865. ... The battle of Fort Sumter was the first stage in a conflict that had been brewing for decades. ... In this map:  Union states prohibiting slavery  Union territories  Border states on the Union side which allowed slavery  Kansas, which entered and fought with the Union as a free state after the Bleeding Kansas crisis  The Confederacy  Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories During the American Civil War, the Union...

Ku Klux Klan (1865)

Main article: Ku Klux Klan

The original Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was created after the end of the American Civil War on December 24, 1865, by six educated, middle-class Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee.^[11] It soon spread into nearly every southern state of the United States. The Klan has advocated what is generally perceived as white supremacy, antisemitism, racism, anti-Catholicism, homophobia, and nativism. They have often used terrorism, violence and acts of intimidation such as cross burning to oppress African Americans and other groups. Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial)  States that seceded under CSA control  States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia... Pulaski is a city in Giles County, Tennessee, United States. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism, also known as judeophobia) is prejudice and hostility toward Jews as a religious, racial, or ethnic group. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... Anti-Catholicism is discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Catholics or the Catholic Church. ... A protest by The Westboro Baptist Church, a group identified by the Anti-Defamation League as virulently homophobic. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... For the practice in Europe, see Fiery cross. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

The name "Ku Klux Klan" has been used by many different unrelated groups, but they all seem to center on the belief of white supremacy. From its creation to the present day, the number of members and influence has varied greatly. However, there is little doubt that, especially in the southern United States, it has at times wielded much political influence and generated great fear among African Americans and their supporters. At one time the KKK controlled the governments of Tennessee, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Oregon, in addition to some of the Southern U.S. legislatures. This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Twentieth century

Suffragette

Main article: Suffragette

In their quest for equal voting rights for women, some suffragettes grew disillusioned with the apparent failure of political protest and civil disobedience. Some turned to violence, and began attacking government officials who opposed suffrage and in one incident a member of the UK Parliament's home was burnt to the ground.^{[12] [13]} Suffragette with banner, Washington DC, 1918 The title of suffragette (also occasionally spelled suffraget) was given to members of the womens suffrage movement, originally in the United Kingdom. ...

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914)

Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six assassins. A new plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For the Scottish rock band, see Franz Ferdinand (band). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Sophie, the Duchess of Hohenberg Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, born Sophie Maria Josephine Albina Chotek, Countess of Chotkova and Wognin (March 1, 1868 - June 28, 1914) was the morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: , Country Entity Canton Sarajevo Canton Government  - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1]  - City 141. ... Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, IPA: ) (July 25, 1894) – April 28, 1918) was an ethnic Serb, but later proclaimed to be a Yugoslav Nationalist[1], with links to a group known as the Mlada Bosna, who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. ...

The murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his wife produced widespread shock across Europe. The Austro-Hungarian Empire produced a list of demands, which became known as the July Ultimatum and presented it to Serbia. This ultimatum contained specific demands aimed at destroying the funding and operation of terrorist organizations which arguably had led to the assassination. In addition, it contained demands that Serbia suppress any "propaganda" against Austria-Hungary in Serbia, even by private persons. Some have claimed that the ultimatum was designed to create a casus belli to enable Austria-Hungary to invade and punish Serbia.^[14] The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia or July Ultimatum was an ultimatum or final list of demands delivered to the government of Serbia on July 23, 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... An ultimatum (Latin: ) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. ... 1967 Chinese propaganda poster from the Cultural Revolution. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ...

After receiving a telegram of support from Russia, Serbia mobilized its army and replied that it would agree to some of the demands, partially accept some, and politely rejected the rest. Austria-Hungary rejected Serbia's conditional acceptance of part of the ultimatum and broke off diplomatic relations.

After a minor incident, Austria-Hungary declared war, and this set into motion a series of events which led to World War I. “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

KKK (1915)

A reincarnation of the 19th century Ku Klux Klan arose in the United States in 1915, and became active for several decades, using terrorist tactics to promote a doctrine of white supremacy.^{[citation needed]} Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ...

Irgun (1936-1948)

The hotel after the bombing

Main article: Irgun

Irgun was a clandestine militant Zionist group that operated in Palestine from 1931 to 1948. In addition to smuggling Jews into Palestine, the Irgun began in 1936 a policy of committing terrorist attacks against random Arabs as retribution for attacks and threats against Jews . These attacks were intended to instill fear in the Arab side, in order to cause the Arabs to wish for peace and quiet. These "retaliation and revenge" acts continued until the formation of the State of Israel in 1948. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Irgun emblem. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ...

In addition to the terrorist acts against Arabs, the Irgun also was involved in fighting against the British rule of Palestine. Their goal was to respond against British policies they disagreed with, and ultimately, to force the British to grant Jews the right to form their own nation in Palestine, Their most famous attack was the bombing of the King David Hotel which was the centre of the British administration in Palestine. In 1948, the group was formally dissolved and its members integrated into the newly formed Israeli Defense Forces. Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... The King David Hotel, built in Jerusalem with locally quarried pink sandstone, was opened in 1931. ... The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (Hebrew: צבא ההגנה לישראל Tsva Ha-Haganah Le-Yisrael ([Army] Force [for] the Defense of Israel), often abbreviated צהל Tsahal, alternative English spelling Tzahal, is the name of Israels armed forces (army, air force and navy). ...

World War II

Some of the most successful terrorist groups were the vast array of guerilla, partisan, and resistance movements that were organised and supplied by the Allies during World War II. The British Special Operations Executive (SOE) conducted operations in every theatre of the war and provided an invaluable contribution to allied victory. On the eve of D-Day it organised with the French resistance the complete destruction of the rail and communication infrastructure of western France perhaps the largest coordinated terrorist attack in history. The SOE effectively invented modern terrorism, pioneering most of the tactics, techniques and technologies that are the mainstays of terrorism we know today.^[15] Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne Division in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Special Operations Executive (SOE), sometimes referred to as the Baker Street Irregulars after Sherlock Holmess fictional group of spies, was a World War II organization initiated by Winston Churchill and Hugh Dalton in July 1940 as a mechanism for conducting warfare by means other than direct military engagement. ... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ...

Nationalism and the End of Empire

Many of the resistance groups of World War II would go to become nationalist terrorist groups. The Việt Cộng that had fought the Japanese would fight the returning French (and later the Americans), and the Malayan resistance would turn on their former British allies and fight during the Malayan Emergency. As the old European empire's dissolved many nationalist groups fought campaigns against colonial powers, the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya being a notable example.^[16] Viet Cong redirects here. ... British Malaya was a set of states that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century. ... Combatants United Kingdom Australia New Zealand British colonies Federation of Malaya Rhodesia Fiji various British East African colonies Malayan Communist Party Malayan Races Liberation Army Commanders Harold Briggs Henry Gurney † Gerald Templer Henry Wells Chin Peng Strength 250,000 Malayan Home Guard troops 40,000 regular Commonwealth personnel 37,000... Combatants Mau Mau British Empire Commanders * Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi * General China (Waruhiu Itote) * Stanley Mathenge * Evelyn Baring(Governor) * General Sir George Erskine Strength Unknown 10,000 regular troops (Africans and Europeans) 21,000 police, 25,000 home guard[1] Casualties 10,527 killed in action;[2] 2,633 captured...

Cold War proxies

Throughout the Cold War both sides made extensive use of terrorist organizations to carry on a war by proxy. For example many of the Islamic terrorists of today were trained by the US and UK to fight the USSR in Afganistan.^{[citation needed]} Similar groups such as the Viet Cong received training from Soviet and Chinese military "advisers".^{[citation needed]} NATO ran a Europe wide network called Operation Gladio which committed both false flag terrorism and would have committed insurgent attacks in the event of a soviet invasion. A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ...

Ireland

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (March 2008)

Ireland has had a turbulent and violent history in the 20th century. Both Unionists, Nationalists and even the Paramilitary elements of the British government could be considered terrorists. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

IRA

The devastation on Corporation Street in Manchester after the IRA bombing of 1996

The most sustained terrorist campaign of the 20th century was that of the Irish Republican Army.^[17] Michael Collins led the first campaign which saw 26 of the 32 counties gain independence. ^[18] A number of IRA campaigns occurred after the Easter Rising of 1916, before during and after WW2, but probably the best known is that carried out by the Provisional IRA during the Troubles between 1969 and 1997 with the Provisional Irish Republican Army conducting bombings, assassinations and even mortar attacks on 10 Downing Street [1]. Image File history File links Manchesterbomb-devestation. ... Image File history File links Manchesterbomb-devestation. ... The Manchester City Centre bombing was a terrorist attack in Manchester, England by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). ... This article is about the historical army of the Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919–21, and the Irish Civil War 1922–23. ... For other persons named Michael Collins, see Michael Collins (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Troubles (disambiguation) and Trouble. ... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) (IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Army or the RA.[2]) is an Irish Republican, left wing[3] paramilitary organisation that, until the Belfast Agreement, sought to end Northern... For other uses, see Bomb (disambiguation). ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... US soldier loading a M224 60-mm mortar. ... Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney stand in front of the famous main door to Number 10. ...

ETA

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna or ETA (Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom"; pronounced [ˈɛːta]), is an armed Basque nationalist separatist organization. Founded in 1959, it evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to an armed group demanding Basque independence.^[19] For other uses, see ETA (disambiguation). ... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ...

Since 1968 to date ETA has killed 821 people^[20] and committed dozens of kidnappings. ETA is proscribed as a terrorist organisation by both the Spanish and French^[21] authorities as well as the European Union as a whole,^[22] the United States, and the United Nations. More than 500 members of the organization are incarcerated in prisons in Spain, France and other countries^[23]. This article is becoming very long. ... In politics, authority generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

All formulations of ETA's goals have centered on sovereignty and self-determination for the Basque Country.^{[citation needed]} The group's ideology is Marxist-Leninist.^[24] “Sovereign” redirects here. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... Location of the Basque Country The Basque Country divided in seven provinces Capital Pamplona Official languages Basque, French, Spanish Demonym Basque Currency Euro The Basque-speaking areas This article is about the overall Basque domain. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ...

ETA's motto is Bietan jarrai ("Keep up on both"). This refers to the two figures in the its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed fight).^[25][26][27]

Umkhonto we Sizwe (South Africa 1961-1990)

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) was the military wing of the African National Congress, which was opposed to the racist apartheid policies of the South African government. MK launched its first guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organization by the South African government and was banned. It waged a guerrilla campaign and was responsible for many bombings. Its first leader was Nelson Mandela and he was tried and imprisoned for his involvement in such acts. With the end of apartheid in South Africa, the Umkhonto we Sizwe was incorporated into the South African armed forces. For other uses of Umkhonto, see Umkhonto (disambiguation) Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ... For political parties with similar names in other countries, see Northern Rhodesian African National Congress and Zambian African National Congress. ... For the legal definition of apartheid, see the crime of apartheid. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela. ...

PLO (1964-c.1988)

Main article: Palestine Liberation Organization

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed in 1964 as a political and paramilitary organization, regarded by the Arab League since October 1974 as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." Founded by the Arab League in 1964, its goal was the destruction of the State of Israel through armed struggle. PLO redirects here. ... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001)  -  Council of the Arab League Sudan  -  Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment  -  Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945  Area  -  Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...

In addition to fighting against Israeli political and military targets, the PLO and/or its factions have committed various terrorist acts against civilians, including the Munich Massacre (see below) and the Achille Lauro Hijacking (see below). The PLO has had several different factions, some of which have been more violent than others. The PLO has acted as an umbrella organization with limited control over all of its members.

In a speech to the UN General Assembly on 13 December 1988, Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the PLO, said: United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ...

"And yet, I, as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, hereby once more declare that I condemn terrorism in all its forms, and at the same time salute those sitting before me in this hall who, in the days when they fought to free their countries from the yoke of colonialism, were accused of terrorism by their oppressors, and who today are the faithful leaders of their peoples, stalwart champions of justice and freedom."^[28]

Colombian terrorist groups

Several paramilitary groups formed in Colombia in the 1960s and afterwards, including the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), and the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC). Originally created as leftist revolutionary groups, all have conducted numerous attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure, and are widely viewed in the West as terrorist organizations. ^{[29] [30]} Ejército de Liberación Nacional (usually abbreviated to ELN), or National Liberation Army, is a revolutionary, Marxist, insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating in several regions of Colombia since 1964. ... The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–Peoples Army, in Spanish Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo, also known by the acronym of FARC or FARC-EP is a communist revolutionary and armed guerrilla organization in Colombia. ... The AUCs logo The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish), were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella paramilitary federation seeking to consolidate many local and regional paramilitary groups in Colombia, each intending to protect different local economic, social and political...

Munich Massacre (1972)

Plaque in front of the Israeli athletes' quarters commemorating the victims of the Munich massacre.

Main article: Munich massacre

The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization.^[31] By the end of the ordeal, the group had killed eleven Israeli athletes and one German police officer.^[32] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 789 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2800 × 2128 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 789 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2800 × 2128 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, a group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. ... The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, a group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. ... The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ... Not to be confused with Fatah Revolutionary Council or Fatah al-Islam. ...

In the late 1990s, British author and television presenter Simon Reeve called the Munich Massacre one of the most significant incidents of recent times, and states that it "thrust the Palestinian cause into the world spotlight, set the tone for decades of conflict in the Middle East, and launched a new era of international terrorism".^[33] Simon Reeve on the border in the unrecognised nation Nagorno-Karabakh Simon Reeve (born 1972) is a British author and TV presenter. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Aum Shinrikyo (1984-1995)

Main article: Aum Shinrikyo

Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese religious group founded by Shoko Asahara. From its beginnings in 1984 until 1995, when most of the senior members were arrested, the group committed various terrorist acts including the Matsumoto incident and the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway (see below). Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese religious group founded by Shoko Asahara. ... A new religious movement or NRM is a term used to refer to a religious faith, or an ethical, spiritual or philosophical movement of recent origin that isnt part of an established denomination, church, or religious body. ... Shoko Asahara (麻原 彰晃 Asahara Shōkō) (born Chizuo Matsumoto (松本智津夫 Matsumoto Chizuo) on March 2, 1955) is the founder of Japans controversial Buddhist religious group Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph). ... The Matsumoto incident was an outbreak of sarin poisoning that occurred in Matsumoto, Japan, in the Nagano prefecture, on the evening of June 27 and the morning of June 28, 1994. ... A wanted poster in Japan. ...

Between between 1990 and 1995, the group attempted several apparently unsuccessful acts of biological terrorism using botulin toxin and anthrax spores.^[34] Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally_occurring or human_modified toxin or biological agent. ... Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...

After the Tokyo subway attack, at the cult's headquarters in Kamikuishiki, Japan, police found explosives, chemical weapons and biological warfare agents, such as anthrax and Ebola cultures, and a Russian Mil Mi-17 helicopter. There were stockpiles of chemicals which could be used for producing enough sarin to kill four million people. Police also found laboratories to manufacture drugs such as LSD, methamphetamines, and a crude form of truth serum, a safe containing millions of dollars worth in cash and gold, and cells, many still containing prisoners. Tokyo (東京; Tōkyō, lit. ... For other uses, see Ebola (disambiguation). ... Mil Mi-17 The Mil Mi-17 (Also known as the Mi-8MT, NATO reporting name Hip-H) is a Russian helicopter currently in production at two factories in Kazan and Ulan-Ude. ... For other uses, see Sarin (disambiguation). ... Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called LSD, LSD-25, or acid. ... This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Achille Lauro Hijacking (1985)

Main article: Achille Lauro

On October 7, 1985, four men representing the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) took control of the Achille Lauro, a passenger ship off Egypt while she was sailing from Alexandria to Port Said within Egypt. They killed an American passenger, Leon Klinghoffer.^[35] The Willem Ruys The Achille Lauro The Achille Lauro, formerly the Willem Ruys, was a passenger liner. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a militant Palestinian group which is designated by the United States and European Union [1] as a terrorist organization. ... The Willem Ruys The Achille Lauro The Achille Lauro, formerly the Willem Ruys, was a passenger liner. ... A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. ... Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport For other uses, see Alexandria (disambiguation). ... Port Said (postcard around 1915) Port Said (31. ...