Dari (Persian: دری) is the official name for the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan^[1] and is a synonymous term for Parsi^{[dubious – discuss]}. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Perso-Arabic script. ... The coat of arms of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic circa 1929. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Farsi redirects here. ... This article is about the Parsi community. ...

Origin of the word "Dari"

There are different opinions about the origin of the word Dari. The majority of scholars believe that Dari refers to the Persian word darbār, meaning "Court", as it was the formal language of the Sassanids^[2]. This opinion is supported by medieval sources and early Islamic historians^[3]. The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of...

Some scholars say that it is derived from dahr, meaning "a small opening in a mountain or a cave", as the language was first spoken by tribes in the mountains, perhaps the mountains of Hindu Kush (located in northern Afghanistan)^{[citation needed]}. The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ...

Another option is that Dari refers to the Achaemenid coins in Bactria, called Daric^[4], which were distributed by court. Here daric means "golden" (Persian: دریک or زریک‎ from زر‎ gold). ^[5] Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Bactria, about 320 BC Bactria (Bactriana, Bākhtar in Persian, also Bhalika in Arabic and Indian languages, and Ta-Hia in Chinese) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra or Balhika or Bokhdi (now... Farsi redirects here. ...

Geographical distribution

In Afghanistan Dari is also generically called Farsi, as are all languages in the Persian sub-group of languages. It is not to be confused with either Parsi-Dari or Dari (Zoroastrian), Iranian languages of the Central Iran sub-group, spoken in some Zoroastrian communities.^[6][7] The main Zoroastrian fire temple in Yazd, Iran. ...

Iranian languages are widely used language in Central Asia both by native speakers and as trade languages. Many of these languages are frequently mutually intelligible. Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Dari is a branch of the Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. There are three different phases in the development of Indo-Iranian languages: Old, Middle, and Modern.^{[citation needed]} Old Dari/Farsi and the Avestan language represents the old stage of development and were spoken in ancient Bactria.^{[citation needed]} The Avestan language is called Avestan because the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, Avesta, were written in this old form. Avestan died out long before the advent of Islam and except for scriptural use not much has remained of it. Old Dari, however, survived and there are many written records of old Dari, in cuneiform called Maikhi, in Khorasan.^{[citation needed]} Old Dari was spoken until around the third century BC. It was a highly inflected language. The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. ... Yasna 28. ... Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht). ... Map showing the pre-2004 Khorasan Province in Iran Khorasan (Persian: خراسان) (also transcribed as Khurasan and Khorassan, anciently called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times is currently a region located in north eastern Iran, but historically referred to a much larger area east and north-east of the Persian Empire...

Dari is the major language of Afghanistan, and is spoken in the northern and western parts, and the capital, Kabul, in the east. Approximately 70% of the population of Afghanistan are native speakers.^[8] Kabul (Kâbl, in Persian کابل) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan with a population variously estimated at 2 to 4 million. ...

Also, due to large emigration from Afghanistan, there are thousands of Dari speakers around the world, notably in North America, Australia and many European countries. There are small minority groups of Dari speakers in Pakistan (mainly in NWFP). For the 1959 British film see Northwest Frontier The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: shemaal maghribi sarhadi soobe شمال مغربی سرحدی صوبہ) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ...

Grammar

The syntax of Dari does not differ greatly from Iran's Persian. The stress accent in Dari is different and can have some similarity of spelling but difference in pronunciation of certain words, as that of French and Italian, or Italian and Spanish. Hence before a person approaches Dari and Farsi, although the grammar and vocabulary structure is quite similar; they will find that the pronunciation creates a difference in the two sister languages, that has encouraged different language developments, for example the greeting in Farsi 'Shmo Hubae' (How are you doing?), differs from Dari only slightly 'Shmo huhb astaen' . To mark attribution, spoken Dari uses the object marker -ra. The vowel system also differs from that of Iranian Persian, to some degree. Apart from the following Farsi has a rather melodic feel than that of Dari, a similar example may be between French and English, French bieng more melodic than that of English.

In addition, the major grammatical difference is the usage of continuous tense. In Iran's Persian, the verb “to have” (Persian: dāshtan) is used before any other verb to indicate a continuous action. While in Dari, the expression "dar hālé" (at the moment of), is used with the simple present or past tense to express a continuous state. Nevertheless, some Dari speakers in Afghanistan have recently adopted the structure used by Iranians.^{[citation needed]} Farsi redirects here. ...

History

The factual accuracy of this section is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page

Dari was the official language of the Sassanids' court. It emerged as the language of the Persians after the defeat of the Parthians by Ardeshir I in 226 CE. Dari is also referred to Middle Persian, or to a classic style of Persian language. The term "middle" Persian suggests the existence of an Old Persian and a New Persian. Old Persian was the language of the Achaemenids, which was overshadowed by Greek after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226–651). ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... Silver coin of Ardashir I with a fire altar on its verso (British Museum London). ... Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script. ... See Aryan Language or Old Persian For more information visit: *[Ancient Iranian Languages & Literature The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS) ... Farsi redirects here. ... The Persepolis Ruins The Achaemenid dynasty (Old Persian:Hakamanishiya, Persian: هخامنشیان) - was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...

The Muslim conquests broke the continued chain of the Persian language and Arabic (for two hundred years, i.e. 7–8 century CE) became the official language. The Persians, however, did not forget their own language and little by little, Middle Persian was being shaped into New Persian (or Dari) was influenced by Arabic loanwords and was written in the Arabic script. New Persian (or Dari) became the main language of people of Transoxiana and Khorasan in 9th century, and later, it became widespread in other parts of Iran, as well as non-Iranian regions such as India, and Anatolia ^[9]. Therefore, Transoxiana and Khorasan are regarded by many as the birthplace of Persian language and Persian literature^[10]. Arabic redirects here. ... Farsi redirects here. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, a city which was known in the past as the Pearl of Khorasan. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Kelileh va Demneh Persian manuscript copy dated 1429, from Herat, depicts the Jackal trying to lead the Lion astray. ...

The Old, Middle, and New Persian are and represent the same language at three stages of its history. The New Persian language is what is called today as Farsi or Dari. "Farsi" is the local name of the Persian of Iran and "Dari" is the local name of the Persian spoken in Afghanistan. The New Persian remains close to the Middle Persian in many respects. However, New Persian has taken many words from Arabic, as opposed to Middle Persian which was influenced, to a lesser degree, by Aramaic. The grammatical structure has also undergone minor changes, mainly in relations to verbal morphology and syntax. Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...

Opinions about Dari's emergence

The factual accuracy of this section is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page

There are different opinions concerning how Dari was formed and developed, and concerning the region where Dari came into existence. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

Mohammad Taqi Bahar, a famous Iranian poet and scholar, writes in his book Sabk-Shenasi:^[11]

Some people say that Dari is the same old Persian, others believe that Dari is a dialect of the Soghdi language common in the north of Amu Darya and Samarkand. While others, relying on the statements of Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa, believe that Dari was the language of Capital. It was the most fluent language of the Sassanid period and contained a large number of Eastern words, especially those of Balkh.

He continues: Farsi redirects here. ... The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana). ... The Amu Darya (Darya means river) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large delta. ... Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... Abdullah Ibn Dhadawayh, also known as Ibn al-Muqaffa (d. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226–651). ... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ...

As the people of Samarkand and Bukhara narrated books and poetries in Dari language after Islam and the poets of Khorasan also narrated their poems in this language, Dari came step by step from Khorasan to Persia (modern day Iran). I can say as a conclusion that Dari is the language of the people of Bukhara and Balkh.

Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 706) writes in his book Al-fehrest: Pahlavi refers to Pahla, which is the name of five cities: Isfahan, Ray, Hamadan, Mah-Nawand and Azerbaijan. But Dari is the language of citizens and that of Court. It is one of the languages of Khorasan and eastern regions (of Persia); the language style of Balkh has more influence on it. While Parsi (Farsi) is the language of Zoroastrian religious leaders, and the people of Persia (Iran) spoke in this language.^[12] Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро; Persian: , Buxârâ; Uzbek: ; Russian: ), from the Soghdian βuxārak (lucky place), is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat). ... Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, a city which was known in the past as the Pearl of Khorasan. ... Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро; Persian: , Buxârâ; Uzbek: ; Russian: ), from the Soghdian βuxārak (lucky place), is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat). ... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ... Abdullah Ibn Dhadawayh, also known as Ibn al-Muqaffa (d. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan This article is about the city of Isfahan. ... Ray, is one of the oldest cities of Iran. ... Avicennas tomb in Hamedan Hamadan or Hamedan ( Persian: همدان ) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran. ... Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, a city which was known in the past as the Pearl of Khorasan. ... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ...

Despite the confusing explanation of Ibn Muqaffa about Pahlavi, Dari and Farsi, we can still conclude that Dari was the language of eastern regions of Persia, i.e. Balkh. Parsi was the official language of the Zoroastrian religion, which is said to be the vehicle of literature later known as Dari. The differences between Parsi (Farsi) and Dari in accent, vocabulary, and expressions have evolved over time and is mostly like American English and British English. Today, Dari and Farsi are considered as two different dialects. By the 9th century, the Dari of Khorasan was the dominant speaking language of the Sassanian empire. In the Middle of the 8th century, Abu Muslim's Arab armies spoke Dari. And it is this language which kept a sense of unity among the Arabized Persians and thus emerged as a national identity through literature. Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, a city which was known in the past as the Pearl of Khorasan. ... Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (Persian:أبو مسلم خراساني)(Arabic:أبو مسلم عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الخراساني) (ca. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ...

According to Prof. Shahrestani, former president of the Faculty of Persian literature of Kabul University, Dari was formed during the rule of Behman Ibn-e Espandyar, one of the Kavi Kings in Balkh, who ruled probably before the Common Era. In several old books including Burhan-e Qāté, it is mentioned that “At the period of Behman’s ruling, son of Espandyar, people came from different regions to his court and did not understand each others’ languages. Therefore, he ordered the scholars to make a fluent Farsi language, and named it Dari.”^[13] Hence, we can say with most certainty that Dari is almost a 2000-year-old language. Kelileh va Demneh Persian manuscript copy dated 1429, from Herat, depicts the Jackal trying to lead the Lion astray. ... Kabul University (Persian: دانشگاه کابل) is located in Kabul, Afghanistan. ... Kavi is the oldest script of Javanese language, and is derived from the Indic Brahmi. ... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ... BCE redirects here. ...

From a historical viewpoint, Dari was a developed form of Parti or Parthian Pahlavi having been influenced by Sogdian and Takhari languages^{[citation needed]}. In comparison, Farsi was a developed form of Sassanian Pahlavi. The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo-European language family with estimated 150-200 million native speakers. ... The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana). ... Tocharian is one of the most obscure branches of the group of Indo-European languages. ... Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script. ...

In 1951, some inscriptions were found in Surkh Kotal of Baghlan (200km north of Kabul) which demonstrate the similarities between Takhari and Dari languages^{[citation needed]}. These inscriptions, written on a stone, were found in one of the Kushanian Temples, which are 1,800 years old^[14]. The inscriptions contain 160 words in 25 lines, and are in Takhari (Modern classification: Tokharian B: Western Tocharian: Kushan Tocharian), written in Greek script. Surkh Kotal was located in the southern portion of Bactria. ... The city of Baghlan was established in Afghanistan in approximately 1960. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Tocharian is one of the most obscure branches of the Indo-European language group. ...

In all over Greater Iran (Persia) people called their spoken language Farsi, whereas they attributed the word "Dari" for a pure, original language with a correct structure. Zabihullah Safa, an Iranian scholar, reporting from the book "Burhān-é Qāté'" says: "Any word which does not have any error/mistake is called Dari e.g. اشکم و شکم، بگوی و گوی، اشتر و شتر, etc. So اشکم، بگوی and اشتر are Dari words. And some people believe that it was the language of some cities like Balkh, Bukhara, Badakhshan, and Merv". Another example can be Hafez Shirazi, a famous Persian poet who lived in Shiraz. He has called his language Parsi but has also called it Dari when trying to attribute his poems to a rich language. After Islamic Conquest  Modern SSR = Soviet Socialist Republic Afghanistan  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Iran  Iraq  Tajikistan  Uzbekistan  This box:      Greater Iran (in Persian: Irān-e Bozorg, or Irān-zamÄ«n; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Iranian Cultural Continent[1]) is a term for the Iranian plateau in addition to... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ... Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро; Persian: , Buxârâ; Uzbek: ; Russian: ), from the Soghdian βuxārak (lucky place), is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat). ... Badakhshan is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and of Tajikistan. ... Merv (Russian: Мерв, from Persian: مرو, Marv, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf. ... Hafez, detail of an illumination in a Persian manuscript of the Divan of Hafez, 18th century. ... Eram Garden, Shiraz most popular garden. ...

Dari after Islam

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With the advent of Islam, Arabic slowly replaced the Persian language. Pre-Islamic Persia is said to have had a strong poetic tradition, but little of it has survived, according to M. Boyce, because most of it was not written down. When Arabic became the scholarly language, Persian fell into disuse. Today, both Farsi and Dari contain equal combination of Arabic and Turkish vocabulary. The reason that Dari reserved its pure and original language style and expressions, while Farsi could not, is that the people of the eastern regions of Persia, i.e. Khorasan, had less contact and interaction with other foreign languages, although the language of the people of Transoxiana was affected by Russian. Farsi was influenced by some European languages — particularly by French — in the late years of the Qajar Dynasty and during the Pahlavi dynasty. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Farsi redirects here. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... The Qajar dynasty ( ) (Persian: ‎ - or دودمان قاجار - Qâjâr) was the ruling family of Persia from 1781 to 1925. ... The Pahlavi dynasty (in Persian: دودمان پهلوی) of Iran began with the crowning of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925 and ended with the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the subsequent collapse of the ancient tradition of Iranian monarchy. ...

An important difference between Dari and Farsi can be noticed after the 18th century. Before the 16th century, we do not observe any remarkable difference between the works written in different regions of Persia. Works written in Dari in India during the Moghul Empire had a different language style and usage of expressions than the works written in Farsi in Iran, whereas the language of the people of Khorasan reserved its old Khorasani style. Three distinct schools were created in Persian poetry and literature: Khorasani, Iraqi and Hindi. The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, a city which was known in the past as the Pearl of Khorasan. ...

The earliest Dari writing goes back to 752 in letter form. However, by the 10th century, a tremendous amount of literature was written and translated into Dari. The first attempts to revive Persian were in poetic form. Among the first poets according to Tarikh-i Sistan, were Abu Hafas Soghdi, Mohammad ibn Wasif, and Hanzala-e Badghisi. The Lubab ul-Albab of Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi claims one Abbas of Merv as the first poet, who composed a poem in honor of Khalifa al-Ma'mun on the occasion of his entry into that city of Merv in 809 A.D. Lubab ul-Albab (لباب الالباب) is a famous anthology written by Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi in the early 13th century in eastern Persia. ... Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi (سدید الدین محمد عوفی) (1171-1242) was a Persian historian, scientist, and author. ... Merv (Russian: Мерв, from Persian: مرو, Marv, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf. ...

Ibn Wasif, a secretary of Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar of the Saffarid dynasty, praised the sultan on his recent victory in Herat and Phoshanj in Arabic verses. Not understanding his secretary of chancery, Yaqub asked: "Why must something be recited that I can't understand?" Thus, Ibn Wasif, to please the sultan, began writing in Dari. Hanzala and Ibn Wasif were the leading men, in local Persian courts, who led the way for a patriotic literary revival. The Saffarid dynasty of Persia ruled a short-lived empire centred on Seistan, a border district between modern-day Afghanistan and Iran, between 861-1003. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ...

Much credit also goes to dynasties of Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids and Seljukids who encouraged poetry and had hundreds of poets in their courts. Most of the well-known Persian poets lived during those periods. The Saffarid dynasty of Persia ruled a short-lived empire centred on Seistan, a border district between modern-day Afghanistan and Iran, between AD 861-1003. ... The Samanids (875-999) (in Persian: Samanian) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and eastern Iran, named after its founder Saman Khoda. ... The Ghaznavid Empire (سلسله غزنویان in Persian) was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 962 to 1187. ... The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq;in Turkish Selçuklu, in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān ; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa;) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turkics and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th...

Political views on the language

Some people^{[citation needed]} do not consider the Persian spoken in Afghanistan to be a separate dialect or language. They consider it to be just Persian. Dari is used by certain scholars in Tajikistan and Iran, including Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, to refer to the Persian language.^{[citation needed]} It is also believed by some that Dari should not be called Afghan Persian, because it already existed centuries before the creation of Afghanistan, or the use of the word Afghan. Linguists prefer the terms Western Farsi for the spoken Persian in Teheran, and Eastern Farsi for the Persian spoken in most of Afghanistan, and eastern Iran.^[15] Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Mahmoud Dowlatabadi (Persian: ), born 1940 in Dowlatabad, a village in the north-western part of the Khorasan Province, Iran, is an Iranian writer and actor. ... Farsi redirects here. ...

Literature

• G. Lazard in Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Darī - The New Persian Literary Language", Online Edition, (LINK)
• S. Sakaria, Concise English - Afghan Dari Dictionary (Kabul: Ferozsons, 1965).

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project in Columbia Universitys Center for Iranian studies, to create an English language encyclopedia about Iran and Persia. ...

References

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project in Columbia Universitys Center for Iranian studies, to create an English language encyclopedia about Iran and Persia. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ...

External links

Dari (Persian) test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Dari Alphabet (www.afghan-web.com)
• (Persian) International Symposium of Masters of Persian language discusses the name of this language
• Persian speaking people and the names of persian language