Ewer from Iran, dated 1180-1210CE. Composed of brass worked in repoussé and inlaid with silver and bitumen. NY Metropolitan Museum.

Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky, entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 321 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 897 pixel, file size: 407 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 321 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 897 pixel, file size: 407 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Repoussé bracelet by Thomas Feeser, ©2005. ... An organic compound is any of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides. ... A liquid will assume the shape of its container. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. ... Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with the formula CS2. ... An illustration of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - NASA Crystal structure of a hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene reported by Müllen and cooworkers in Chem. ...

Bitumen is the residual (bottom) fraction obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil. It is the heaviest fraction and the one with the highest boiling point. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ...

In British English, the word 'asphalt' refers to a mixture of mineral aggregate and bitumen (or tarmac in common parlance). The word 'tar' refers to the black viscous material obtained from the destructive distillation of coal and is chemically distinct from bitumen. In American English, bitumen is referred to as 'asphalt' or 'asphalt cement' in engineering jargon. In Australian English, bitumen is sometimes used as the generic term for road surfaces. British English (BrE, en-GB) is a broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere. ... Base layer of asphalt concrete in a road under construction. ... A close-up view of some freshly-laid tarmac. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see American English (disambiguation). ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Australian English (AuE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ...

Most bitumens contain sulphur and several heavy metals such as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium, mercury and also arsenic, selenium and other toxic elements. Bitumens can provide good preservation of plants and animal fossils. General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Standard atomic weight 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... Se redirects here. ...

Uses

The University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscousity of bitumen.

Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads. Its other uses are for general waterproofing products, including the use of bitumen in the production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. It is also the prime feed stock for petroleum production from tar sands currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Bitumen from tar sands is projected to account for 80% of Canadian oil production by 2020. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1012 × 1524 pixel, file size: 133 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bitumen Pitch drop experiment ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1012 × 1524 pixel, file size: 133 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bitumen Pitch drop experiment ... The University of Queensland (UQ) is the longest-established university in the state of Queensland, Australia, and a member of Australias Group of Eight. ... The pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tar paper. ... Athabasca Oil Sands Tar sands, also referred to as oil sands or bituminous sands, are a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen. ... Athabasca Oil Sands Tar sands, also referred to as oil sands or bituminous sands, are a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen. ...

In the past, bitumen was used to waterproof boats, and even as a coating for buildings. The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babylon. ^[1] It is also possible that the city of Carthage was easily burnt due to extensive use of bitumen in construction. A boat is a watercraft designed to float on, and provide transport over, water. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Babylon (in Arabic: بابل; in Syriac: ܒܒܙܠ in Hebrew:בבל) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq), the ruins of which can be found in present-day Babil Province, about 80km south of Baghdad. ... Carthage (Greek: , from the Phoenician meaning new town, Arabic: , Latin: ) refers both to an ancient city in North Africa located in modern day Tunis and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...

Vessels for the heating of bitumen or bituminous compounds are usually excluded from public liability insurance policies.

Most geologists believe that naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae and other once-living things. These organisms died and their remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where they lived. Under the heat and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum. Bitumens are found also in meteorites, archean rocks, copper, zinc mineralizations, and caves. It is possible that bitumens are primordial material formed during accretion of the earth and reworked by bacteria that consume hydrocarbons. the are cool The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ... In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is defined as transfer of thermal energy [1] Generally, heat is a form of energy transfer associated with the different motions of atoms, molecules and other particles that comprise matter when it is hot and when it is cold. ... The use of water pressure - the Captain Cook Memorial Jet in Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia. ... Kerogens are chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in sedimentary rocks. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

Bitumen alternatives

The world has become increasingly concerned over the global climate change thought to be caused by greenhouse gases, chief among them anthropogenic carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. This has led to the introduction of bitumen alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and non toxic. Bitumen can now be made from non-petroleum based renewable resources such as sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches. Bitumen can also be made from waste material by fractional distillation of used motor oils, which is sometimes disposed by burning or dumping into land fills [1]. The term climate change is used to refer to changes in the Earths climate. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Molasses or treacle is a thick syrup by-product from the processing of the sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar. ... Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. ... Natural olive oil Synthetic motor oil An oil is any substance that is in a viscous liquid state (oily) at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally water fearing) and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally fat loving). This general definition includes compound classes...

Non-petroleum based bitumen binders can be made light-colored. Roads made with lighter-colored pitch absorb less heat from solar radiation, and become less hot than darker surfaces, reducing their contribution to the urban heat island effect. [2] An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surroundings. ...

Notes

1. ^ Herodotus, Book I, 179

See also

• Pitch (resin)
• Bituminous rocks
• Bituminous coal
• Oil sands

The pitch drop experiment. ... Bituminous rocks are sedimentary rocks, usually shale, sandstone, limestone or dolostone, that contain traces of tar, bitumen, asphalt or petroleum. ... Bituminous coal Bituminous coal is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. ... Open pit mining Tar sands, also referred to as oil sand or bituminous sand, is a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen. ...

External Links

• United Nations Environment Program
• Heat island effect