Bitches Brew
Double album by Miles Davis
Released	April 1970
Recorded	August 19–August 21, 1969
Genre	Jazz-Rock
Length	94:11
Label	Columbia Records
Producer(s)	Teo Macero
Professional reviews
All Music Guide link Rolling Stone (Favour.) 05/28/70
Miles Davis chronology
In a Silent Way (1969)	Bitches Brew (1970)	Live-Evil (1970)

Bitches Brew is an album recorded by American jazz trumpeter Miles Davis in 1969. Cover of the Miles Davis album Bitches Brew. ... A double album is an audio album of sufficient length that two units of the medium in which it is sold (especially records and compact discs) are necessary to contain the entirety of it. ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was one of the most distinguished jazz musicians of the latter half of the 20th century. ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... A music genre is a category (or genre) of pieces of music that share a certain style or basic musical language (van der Merwe 1989, p. ... Jazz fusion (sometimes referred to simply as fusion) is a musical genre that loosely encompasses the merging of jazz with other styles, particularly rock, funk, R&B, and world music. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Columbia Records is the oldest continually used brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888. ... In the music industry, a record producer (or music producer) has many roles, among them controlling the recording sessions, coaching and guiding the performers, and supervising the recording, mixing and mastering processes . ... Teo Macero is a jazz saxophonist and record producer. ... The All Music Guide (AMG) is a metadata database about music, owned by All Media Guide. ... Image File history File links 5_stars. ... Rolling Stone is an American magazine devoted to music, politics and popular culture. ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was one of the most distinguished jazz musicians of the latter half of the 20th century. ... In a Silent Way is a 1969 album by jazz trumpeter Miles Davis. ... Live Evil is the first and only Ronnie James Dio-fronted live album by British heavy metal band Black Sabbath, released in 1982 (see 1982 in music). ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was one of the most distinguished jazz musicians of the latter half of the 20th century. ...

Recorded during three days (August 19–August 21, 1969), immediately after the end of the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York, Bitches Brew incorporated electric instruments, such as electric piano and guitar, and mostly rejected traditional jazz rhythms in favor of a looser, funk-influenced improvisational style. August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... An electric piano (e-piano) is an electric musical instrument whose popularity was at its greatest during the 1960s and 1970s. ... Jazz is an original American musical art form that originated around the start of the 20th century in New Orleans, rooted in African American musical styles blended with Western music technique and theory. ... Funk music was originated by African Americans, e. ... Philosophically, improvisation often focuses on bringing ones personal awareness into the moment, and on developing a profound understanding for the action one is doing. ...

The two-LP/CD set contains mostly very long tracks, improvisations on pieces that were largely written on the spot. Instead of the mostly diatonic style of cool jazz, Bitches Brew often favored dissonance. In Music theory, the diatonic major scale (also known as the Guido scale), from the Greek diatonikos or to stretch out, is a fundamental building block of the European-influenced musical tradition. ... CD reissue of Daviss 1957 LP Birth of the Cool, collecting much of his 1949 to 1950 work. ... In music, a consonance (Latin consonare, sounding together) is a harmony, chord, or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissonance, which is considered unstable. ...

Some jazz fans and musicians felt the album was crossing the limits, or was not jazz at all. One critic writes that "Davis drew a line in the sand that some jazz fans have never crossed, or even forgiven Davis for drawing." [1]

On the other hand, many fans, critics, and musicians see the records as an important, vital release. In a 1997 interview, drummer Bobby Previte sums up his feelings about Bitches Brew thusly: "Well, it was groundbreaking, for one. How much groundbreaking music do you hear now? It was music that you had that feeling you never heard quite before. It came from another place. How much music do you hear now like that?" [2] A session drummer at practice A drummer is a musician who plays the drums, particularly the drum kit, marching percussion, or hand drums. ... Robert Previte (born July 16, 1954, Niagara Falls, New York) is a jazz drummer, composer and bandleader. ...

Bitches Brew is often called the best-selling jazz record. Such sales figures have been disputed, but it was Davis's first gold record, selling more than half a million copies. However, 11 years earlier Davis had released Kind of Blue, another groundbreaking record that has been cited as perhaps the best-selling jazz release. Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has sold a certain number of copies. ... Kind of Blue is a jazz album by musician Miles Davis, released on August 17, 1959. ...

In 1998, Columbia Legacy/Sony Music released The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions, a four-disc box set that included Bitches Brew as well as ensuing studio sessions through February 1970. Columbia Records is the oldest continually used brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888. ... Sony Music Entertainment is a major global record label controlled by the Sony Corporation. ... The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions is a four-disc box set of music recordings by trumpeter Miles Davis. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A box set (or boxed set) refers to one or more musical recordings, movies and television programs that are contained in a box made generally out of cardboard. ...

Overview

Mati Klarwein created this artwork for Bitches Brew's gatefold cover.

Bitches Brew was a turning point in modern jazz. Davis had already spearheaded two major jazz movements – cool and modal jazz – and was about to initiate another major change (the album's cover also sports the phrase "Directions In Music By Miles Davis" above the title.) Image File history File links BitchesBrewGatefold. ... Image File history File links BitchesBrewGatefold. ... Mati Klarwein (April 9, 1932 – March 7, 2002) was a German painter. ... A gatefold cover or gatefold LP is a form of packaging for LP records which was popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... CD reissue of Daviss 1957 LP Birth of the Cool, collecting much of his 1949 to 1950 work. ... Modal jazz is jazz played using musical modes rather than chord progressions. ...

It is perhaps difficult for today's audience to realize how astonishing it was in 1970 to have a major label – Columbia Records – release a major album by an important jazz artist with the term "bitches" in its title. The use of the word on the album cover may be a factor in certain fans' and critics' dismissive or even hostile responses to the record. Columbia Records is the oldest continually used brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Mati Klarwein painting featured on the cover – though striking and memorable – was perhaps an artifact of the "psychedelic" era, and may demonstrate Davis's desire to reach a different audience; for example, Klarwein's work is also prominently featured on the cover art of Santana's 1970 Abraxas, released by the same label. Mati Klarwein (April 9, 1932 – March 7, 2002) was a German painter. ... The word psychedelic is a neologism coined from the Greek words for mind, ψυχη (psyche), and manifest, δηλειν (delein). ... Abraxas is the second album by psychedelic rock band Santana, released in September of 1970 (see 1970 in music). ...

The "Who's Who" level of musicianship among the participants involved in the Bitches Brew recording is indicative of the excellence demanded and the collaborative organizational abilities of Miles Davis. Some critics at the time characterized this music as simply obtuse and "outside", which recalls Duke Ellington's description of Davis as "the Picasso of jazz." Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974), also known simply as Duke (see Jazz royalty), was an American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader. ... Young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. ...

Recording sessions

As was Davis's practice, he called musicians to the recording studio on very short notice. A few songs on Bitches Brew were rehearsed before the recording sessions, but other times the musicians had little or no idea what they were to record.

Once in the recording studio, the players were typically given only a few instructions: a tempo count, a few chords or a hint of melody, and suggestions as to mood or tone. In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for time) is the speed or pace of a given piece. ... Fingering for a first position C major chord on a guitar. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Davis liked to work this way; he thought it forced musicians to pay close attention to one another, to their own performances, or to Davis's cues, which could change at any moment. On the quieter moments of "Bitches Brew", for example, Davis's voice is audible, giving instructions to the musicians: snapping his fingers to indicate tempo, or, in his distinctive whisper, saying, "Keep it tight" or telling individuals when to solo.

Davis composed most of the music on the album. The two important exceptions were the complex "Pharaoh's Dance" (composed by Joe Zawinul) and the ballad "Sanctuary" (composed by Wayne Shorter). The latter had been recorded as a fairly straightforward ballad early in 1968, but was given a radically different interpretation on Bitches Brew. It begins with Davis and Chick Corea improvising on the standard "I Fall in Love too Easily" before Davis plays the "Sanctuary" theme. Then, not unlike Davis's recording of Shorter's "Nefertiti" two years earlier, the horns repeat the melody over and over while the rhythm section builds up the intensity. Oddly enough, the issued "Sanctuary" is actually two consecutive takes of the song. Josef Erich Zawinul (born July 7, 1932 in Vienna, Austria) is a jazz keyboardist and composer. ... Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ... Chick Corea on the cover of sheet music book Chick Corea Collection Armando Anthony Chick Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer. ...

Despite his reputation as a "cool", melodic improviser, much of Davis's playing on this album is aggressive and explosive, often playing fast runs and venturing into the upper register of the trumpet. His closing solo on "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down" is particularly noteworthy in this regard. In music, a register is the relative height or range of a note, set of pitches or pitch classes, melody, part, instrument or group of instruments. ...

Davis does not perform on the short song "John McLaughlin".

Post-production

Some might argue Teo Macero deserves much of the credit for Bitches Brew. His contributions were sometimes controversial, certainly important, and perhaps invaluable. His impact on the arranging and post-performance re-mixing of Davis' work validates the analogy: Teo Macero is to Miles Davis, as George Martin was to The Beatles. Teo Macero is a jazz saxophonist and record producer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Beatles were an English rock and roll band from Liverpool. ...

There was significant editing done to the recorded music. Short sections were spliced together to create longer pieces, and various effects were applied to the recordings. One source worth quoting at length reports:

Bitches Brew also pioneered the application of the studio as a musical instrument, featuring stacks of edits and studio effects that were an integral part of the music. Even though it sounded like an old-style studio registration of a bunch of guys playing some amazing stuff, large sections of it relied heavily on studio technology to create a fantasy that never was. Miles and his producer, the legendary Teo Macero, used the recording studio in radical new ways, especially in the title track and the opening track, "Pharaoh's Dance". There were many special effects, like tape loops, tape delays, reverb chambers and echo effects. And, through intensive tape editing, Macero concocted many totally new musical structures that were later imitated by the band in live concerts. Macero, who has a classical education and was most likely inspired by the 1930s and 1940s musique concrete experiments, used tape editing as a form of arranging and composition. Teo Macero is a jazz saxophonist and record producer. ... Tape loops are loops of prerecorded magnetic tape used to create repetitive, rhythmic musical patterns. ... Tape delay, also often referred to as analog delay, is an audio effect whereby an echo can be introduced to an audio signal by mixing it with a delayed version of itself. ... When sound is produced in an enclosed space multiple reflections build up and blend together creating reverberation or reverb. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... Musique concrète is the name given to a class of electronic music produced from editing together fragments of natural and industrial sounds. ...

"Pharaoh's Dance" contains 19 edits – its famous stop-start opening is entirely constructed in the studio, using repeat loops of certain sections. Later on in the track there are several micro-edits: for example, a one-second-long fragment that first appears at 8:39 is repeated five times between 8:54 and 8:59. The title track contains 15 edits, again with several short tape loops of, in this case, five seconds (at 3:01, 3:07 and 3:12). Therefore, Bitches Brew not only became a controversial classic of musical innovation, it also became renowned for its pioneering use of studio technology. [3]

This extensive editing was sometimes controversial in jazz circles as purists and detractors argued that jazz should be "spontaneous". But decades earlier trumpeter Louis Armstrong had quickly perceived the photographic nature of the audio recording, becoming the first musician to assemble a band solely for the purpose of recording it live in the studio. Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901[1] – July 6, 1971) (also known by the nickname Satchmo, for satchel-mouth and Pops) was an American jazz musician. ...

A new type of jazz

Though Bitches Brew was in many ways revolutionary, perhaps its most important innovation was rhythmic. // Rhythm (Greek ρυθμός = tempo) is the variation of the duration of sounds or other events over time. ...

In fact, the innovative harmonic and melodic explorations heard on Bitches Brew, coupled with the absence of familiar and accepted bossa nova, swing or jazz-waltz rhythmic templates seems to be a source of much of the malevolence directed toward the album on the part of its critics. Harmony, Greek ἁρμονία harmonía meaning a fastening or join. The concept of harmony dates as far back as Pythagoras. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bossa nova is a style of Brazilian music created by Antonio Carlos Jobim and João Gilberto and first introduced in Brazil by Gilbertos recording of Chega de Saudade, in 1958, a song written by Antonio Carlos Jobim, first released as a single, and shortly thereafter as the album... Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of jazz music that developed during the 1920s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United States. ...

There were no jazz standards on Bitches Brew; there were no "walking bass lines" – a traditional, old-school "swing" reference benchmark – there was, in fact, no swing in the traditional sense at all on Bitches Brew. The essential jazz element referred to as "swing" had been basically unchallenged for years before the widely used Latin rhythms employed by Dizzy Gillespie in the bop era. Bitches Brew ignored both swing and the then recently absorbed "Latin" grooves of bossa nova, drawing heavily instead on the nascent funk music of James Brown, Sly Stone, and rock-solid backbeats heard in R&B. Davis didn't simply borrow Brown or Stone's riffs, rather, he incorporated funk and related beats into an expanded vocabulary within the rhythm section as a vital element of his music. Jazz standard refers to a tune that is widely known, performed, and recorded among jazz musicians. ... In music a walking bass is a bass accompaniment generally consisting of unsyncopated notes of equal value, usually quarter notes (known in jazz as a four feel). Walking bass lines are used in rock, blues, rock-a-billy, ska, r&b, gospel, latin, country, and many other genres (Friedland 1995... John Birks Dizzy Gillespie (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... Bossa nova is a style of Brazilian music created by Antonio Carlos Jobim and João Gilberto and first introduced in Brazil by Gilbertos recording of Chega de Saudade, in 1958, a song written by Antonio Carlos Jobim, first released as a single, and shortly thereafter as the album... Funk music was originated by African Americans, e. ... James Brown, known variously as: Soul Brother Number One, the Godfather of Soul, Mr. ... Sly Stone on The Ed Sullivan Show performing Everyday People, December 28, 1968. ... Rhythm and blues (aka R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences — first performed by African American artists. ... The Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) is a generic meta-format for storing data in tagged chunks. ... Rhythm section refers to the musicians whose primary jobs in a jazz or popular music band or ensemble is to establish the rhythm of a song or musical piece, often via repeated riffs or ostinati. ...

Previous large jazz ensembles – such as the big bands – had featured several trumpets or woodwind ensembles playing as "sections" supported by an anchoring platform rhythm section often composed of piano, double bass and drums. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from 1935 until the late 1940s. ... Trumpeter redirects to here. ... A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument in which sound is produced by blowing through a mouthpiece against an edge or by a vibrating reed, and in which the pitch is varied by opening or closing holes in the body of the instrument. ... Rhythm section refers to the musicians whose primary jobs in a jazz or popular music band or ensemble is to establish the rhythm of a song or musical piece, often via repeated riffs or ostinati. ... A grand piano, with the lid up. ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ...

Bitches Brew, however, diverged from traditional jazz instrumentation and featured several "rhythm section" instruments forming currents of live counter-rhythms atop which the soloist navigated. For example, two basses, two or even three drummers, or two piano players, all playing at the same time is in many ways the foundation of the entire ensemble recorded on Bitches Brew. Martin EB18 Bass Guitar in flight case. ... A session drummer at practice A drummer is a musician who plays the drums, particularly the drum kit, marching percussion, or hand drums. ... A grand piano, with the lid up. ...

Also expanding the enhanced rhythm section ensembles on Bitches Brew are electric guitar, bass clarinet, soprano saxophone, and additional percussionists. Bitches Brew also diverged from standard jazz practice by incorporating the Fender Rhodes electric piano and the electric bass, which were not yet recognized as legitimate jazz instruments at the time. Left: Rosa Hurricane, a heavy metal-style solid body guitar. ... The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. ... The soprano saxophone is a variety of the saxophone, a woodwind instrument. ... Percussion instruments are played by being struck, shaken, rubbed or scraped. ... A Rhodes piano is a musical instrument. ... Fender Precision Bass Bass Guitar is a commonly spoken phrase used to refer to the electric bass and horizontal acoustic basses, a stringed instrument similar in design to the electric guitar, but larger in size, commonly fretted and sometimes fretless and with a lower range. ...

The solo voices heard most prominently on this album are the trumpet and the soprano saxophone, respectively of Miles and Wayne Shorter. Notable also is Bennie Maupin's ghostly bass clarinet, which was perhaps the first use of the instrument in jazz not heavily indebted to pioneer Eric Dolphy. The soprano saxophone is a variety of the saxophone, a woodwind instrument. ... Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ... Bennie Maupin (born 8/29/1946) is a Detroit jazz multireedist. ... The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. ... Eric Allan Dolphy (June 20, 1928 – June 29, 1964) was a jazz musician who played alto saxophone, flute and bass clarinet. ...

Also worth noting is the length of several pieces on Bitches Brew. Very few jazz musicians, excepting Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane – a former Davis associate – had released such long recordings, where a single song would be played for an entire side of an LP disc. Ornette Coleman (born March 19, 1930) is an American saxophonist and composer. ... John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967), nicknamed Trane, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ...

The technology of recording, analog tape, disc mastering and inherent recording time constraints (i.e., bandwidth) had in the late sixties expanded beyond previous limitations and sonic range for the stereo, vinyl album: Bitches Brew reflects this. In it are found long form performances which encompass entire improvised suites with rubato sections, tempo changes or the long, slow crescendo more common to a symphonic orchestral piece or Indian raga form than the three-minute rock song. This article will be merged with Italian musical terms at some point in the near future. ... In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for time) is the speed or pace of a given piece. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

Starting in 1969, Davis' concerts included some of the material that would become Bitches Brew.

Aftermath

Bitches Brew was an unusual, groundbreaking and controversial contribution to jazz; as a result, Davis' manager and booking agents — Jack Wittemore, Willie Ashwood Kavanna, and Bob Messenger — had difficulties booking Davis in traditional jazz venues. The album is now considered a seminal jazz fusion record, but at the time, it was considered "blasphemy" and a cop-out by many jazz aficionados. So, to create a new audience for Miles, Kavanna and Wittemore booked him on college rock shows as the opening act to Carlos Santana, who had a newly-released hit record, "Evil Ways." This tour (1969-70) only served to enrage traditional jazz fans even more. While the tour served its purpose of introducing Miles Davis to an entirely new audience of white college kids and Hispanics, he eventually fired these managers in 1972, blaming them for infuriating his withering jazz following. The jazz crowd eventually came back to him in even bigger numbers, and went on to laud Bitches Brew and the Santana concerts that publicized it as seminal breakthrough music industry events. Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947 in Autlán de Navarro, Mexico) is a Grammy Award-winning Mexican American musician and Latin-rock guitarist. ...

Track listing

Original Double Album Configuration

Side one:
A double album is an audio album of sufficient length that two units of the medium in which it is sold (especially records and compact discs) are necessary to contain the entirety of it. ...

1. "Pharaoh's Dance" – 20:06 (Joe Zawinul)

Side two: Josef Erich Zawinul (born July 7, 1932 in Vienna, Austria) is a jazz keyboardist and composer. ...

1. "Bitches Brew" – 27:00 (M. Davis)

Side three:

1. "Spanish Key" – 17:34 (M. Davis)
2. "John McLaughlin" – 4:26 (M. Davis)

Side four:

1. "Miles Runs The Voodoo Down" – 14:04 (M. Davis)
2. "Sanctuary" – 11:01 (Wayne Shorter)

Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ...

Compact Disc Configuration

Disc One

1. "Pharaoh's Dance" – 20:06 (Joe Zawinul)
2. "Bitches Brew" – 27:00 (M. Davis)

Disc Two Josef Erich Zawinul (born July 7, 1932 in Vienna, Austria) is a jazz keyboardist and composer. ...

1. "Spanish Key" – 17:34 (M. Davis)
2. "John McLaughlin" – 4:26 (M. Davis)
3. "Miles Runs The Voodoo Down" – 14:04 (M. Davis)
4. "Sanctuary" – 11:01 (Wayne Shorter)
5. "Feio" – 11:51 (Wayne Shorter, bonus track on the CD editions)

Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ... Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ...

Personnel

• Miles Davis - trumpet
• Wayne Shorter - soprano saxophone
• Bennie Maupin - bass clarinet
• Joe Zawinul - electric piano
• Larry Young - electric piano
• Chick Corea - electric piano
• John McLaughlin - guitar
• Dave Holland - bass
• Harvey Brooks - electric bass
• Lenny White - drums
• Jack DeJohnette - drums
• Don Alias - drums, congas
• Juma Santos - shaker, congas

Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was one of the most distinguished jazz musicians of the latter half of the 20th century. ... Trumpeter redirects to here. ... Miles Davis and Wayne Shorter in the 1960s quintet Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz composer and saxophonist. ... The soprano saxophone is a variety of the saxophone, a woodwind instrument. ... Bennie Maupin (born 8/29/1946) is a Detroit jazz multireedist. ... The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. ... Josef Erich Zawinul (born July 7, 1932 in Vienna, Austria) is a jazz keyboardist and composer. ... An electric piano (e-piano) is an electric musical instrument whose popularity was at its greatest during the 1960s and 1970s. ... Larry Young (also known as Khalid Yasin (Abdul Aziz) (born October 7, 1940 in Newark, New Jersey-died March 30, 1978 in New York City) was an American jazz organist and occasional pianist. ... Chick Corea on the cover of sheet music book Chick Corea Collection Armando Anthony Chick Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer. ... John McLaughlin John McLaughlin during a Shakti concert John McLaughlin (born January 4, 1942), also Mahavishnu John McLaughlin, is a jazz fusion guitar player from Yorkshire in England. ... Classical and Bass Guitar The guitar is a musical instrument, used in a wide variety of musical styles, and is also widely known as a solo classical instrument. ... Dave Holland (born October 1, 1946) is a jazz bassist and composer. ... Martin EB18 Bass Guitar in flight case. ... Harvey Brooks (born 1944, New York City) is an American bassist. ... Fender Precision Bass Bass Guitar is a commonly spoken phrase used to refer to the electric bass and horizontal acoustic basses, a stringed instrument similar in design to the electric guitar, but larger in size, commonly fretted and sometimes fretless and with a lower range. ... Lenny White (born 1949) is a great American jazz-rock drummer, who is most famous for participating as one of the multiple drummers on Miles Daviss Bitches Brew sessions, and making himself well known as a member of Chick Coreas Return To Forever band. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... Jack DeJohnette (b. ... Don Alias is a jazz percussionist. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ...

See also

• Jazz fusion
• The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

Bitches Brew (1970) by Miles Davis is considered the most influential early fusion album. ... The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time was the cover story of a special issue of Rolling Stone magazine published in November 2003. ...

External links

• A history of jazz fusion
• Miles Davis - The Electric Period
• Article about the making of the Complete Bitches Brew Sessions boxed set at the Miles Beyond site, which is dedicated to the electric music of Miles Davis

Notes