NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bismuth

Bismuth (pronounced /ˈbɪzməθ/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Of all the metals, it is the most naturally diamagnetic, and only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity. It is also generally considered as the last naturally occurring non-radioactive element. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number polonium, Po, 84 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 6, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight (209) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... This article is about the element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number ununpentium, Uup, 115 Group, Period, Block 15, 7, p Atomic mass (299) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 (guess based on bismuth) Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 CAS registry number 54085-64-2 Selected isotopes References... Image by Greatpatton. ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The group 15 elements(a. ... A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1017 KB) Summary Bismuth crystal. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box: For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... 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Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... Levitating pyrolytic carbon Diamagnetism is a form of magnetism that is only exhibited by a substance in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. ... // Headline text POOP!! 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The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (Î²+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (Î²+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Alpha decay is a form of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus ejects an alpha particle and transforms into a nucleus with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. ... General Name, Symbol, Number thallium, Tl, 81 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 6, p Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 204. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... Internal conversion or isomeric transition is the act of returning from an excited state by an atom or molecule. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... This article is about the element. ... Levitating pyrolytic carbon Diamagnetism is a form of magnetism that is only exhibited by a substance in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. ... This article is about the element. ... K value redirects here. ...

Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and in medical procedures. As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead have become an increasing part of bismuth's commercial importance. Make-up redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...

Notable characteristics

Bismuth is a brittle metal with a white, silver-pink hue, often occurring in its native form with an iridescent oxide tarnish showing many refractive colors from yellow to blue. When combusted with oxygen, bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes. Its toxicity is much lower than that of its neighbors in the periodic table such as lead, tin, tellurium, antimony, and polonium. This article is about metallic materials. ... This article is about the color. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the color. ... An image with the hues cyclically shifted The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time. ... The iridescence of the Blue Morpho butterfly wings. ... Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... For the property of metals, see refraction (metallurgy). ... This article is about the chemical reaction combustion. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... This article is about the colour. ... Flame generated by the burning of a candle. ... Bismite is a bismuth oxide mineral, Bi2O3. ... This article is about the color. ... In order to understand the concept of a fume, one must first examine the origins of the word and its usage in the vernacular. ... // Toxic and Intoxicated redirect here â€“ toxic has other uses, which can be found at Toxicity (disambiguation); for the state of being intoxicated by alcohol see Drunkenness. ... The Periodic Table redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tellurium, Te, 52 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 127. ... This article is about the element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number polonium, Po, 84 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 6, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight (209) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...

Although, ununpentium is theoretically more diamagnetic, no other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. (Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity (after mercury) and the highest Hall coefficient. It has a high electrical resistance. When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.^[1] General Name, Symbol, Number ununpentium, Uup, 115 Group, Period, Block 15, 7, p Atomic mass (299) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 (guess based on bismuth) Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 CAS registry number 54085-64-2 Selected isotopes References... Diamagnetism is a very weak form of magnetism that is only exhibited in the presence of an external magnetic field. ... This article is about metallic materials. ... Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic susceptibility and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field. ... K value redirects here. ... This article is about the element. ... Hall effect diagram, showing electron flow (rather than conventional current). ... Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the passage of current. ... A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Because bismuth expands on freezing, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, which needed to expand to fill printing molds. For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... This box: For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... In physics and chemistry, freezing is the process whereby a liquid turns to a solid when cold enough. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ...

Isotopes

While bismuth was traditionally regarded as the element with the heaviest stable isotope, bismuth-209, it had long been suspected to be unstable on theoretical grounds. This was finally demonstrated in 2003 when researchers at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France, measured the alpha emission half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi to be 1.9 x 10¹⁹ years,^[2] over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe. Owing to its extraordinarily long half-life, for nearly all applications bismuth can be treated as if it is stable and non-radioactive. The radioactivity is of academic interest, however, because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity was suspected, and indeed theoretically predicted, before being detected in the laboratory. Bismuth (Bi) Standard atomic mass: 208. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous reddish white Atomic mass 208. ... Orsay is a commune of Essonne, ÃŽle-de-France located in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. ... Alpha decay is a form of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus ejects an alpha particle and transforms into a nucleus with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous reddish white Atomic mass 208. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times, this page lists times longer than 1019 seconds (317 billion years) See also times of other orders of magnitude. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... This box: This article is about scientific estimates of the age of the universe. ...

History

Bismuth (New Latin bisemutum from German Wismuth, perhaps from weiße Masse, "white mass") was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. Basilius Valentinus described some of its uses in 1450. Claude François Geoffroy showed in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead. New Latin (or Neo-Latin) is a post-medieval version of Latin, now used primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and systematics. ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... 18th century illustration to 3rd key, in Duodecim Claves Basilius Valentinus, also known under his Anglisized name of Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. ... Claude FranÃ§ois Geoffroy (1729â€“1753) was a French chemist. ...

"Artificial bismuth" was commonly used in place of the actual metal. It was made by hammering tin into thin plates, and cementing them by a mixture of white tartar, saltpeter, and arsenic, stratified in a crucible over an open fire.^[3] R-phrases S-phrases Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... For other uses, see Crucible (disambiguation). ...

Bismuth was also known to the Incas and used (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special bronze alloy for knives.^[4] For the political organization and administration of the Inca territory, see Inca Empire. ... This article is about the metal alloy. ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ...

Occurrence and production

In the Earth's crust, bismuth is about twice as abundant as gold. It is not usually economical to mine it as a primary product. Rather, it is usually produced as a byproduct of the processing of other metal ores, especially lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold, but also tungsten or other metal alloys. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... For other uses, see Tungsten (disambiguation). ...

The most important ores of bismuth are bismuthinite and bismite. In 2005, China was the top producer of bismuth with at least 40% of the world share followed by Mexico and Peru, reports the British Geological Survey. For other uses, see Ore (disambiguation). ... Bismuthinite is a mineral consisting of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3). ... Bismite is a bismuth oxide mineral, Bi2O3. ... The British Geological Survey is a publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research. ...

According to the USGS, world 2006 bismuth mine production was 5,700 tonnes, of which China produced 3,000 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Peru 950 tonnes, and the balance Canada, Kazakhstan and other nations. World 2006 bismuth refinery production was 12,000 tonnes, of which China produced 8,500 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Belgium 800 tonnes, Peru 600 tonnes, Japan 510 tonnes, and the balance Canada and other nations. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ...

The difference between world bismuth mine production and refinery production reflects bismuth's status as a byproduct metal. Bismuth travels in crude lead bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of refining, until it is removed by the Kroll-Betterton process or the Betts process. The Kroll-Betterton process uses a pyrometallurgical separation from molten lead of calcium-magnesium-bismuth drosses containing associated metals (silver, gold, zinc, some lead, copper, tellurium, and arsenic), which are removed by various fluxes and treatments to give high-purity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi). The Betts process takes cast anodes of lead bullion and electrolyzes them in a lead fluosilicate-hydrofluosilicic acid electrolyte to yield a pure lead cathode and an anode slime containing bismuth. Bismuth will behave similarly with another of its major metals, copper. Thus world bismuth production from refineries is a more complete and reliable statistic. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...

According to the Bismuth Advocate News (BAN), the price (NY Dealer) for bismuth metal from year-end 2000 to September 2005 was stuck in a range from lows of $2.70-$3.10 per lb. in late November 2002 and $2.60-$2.90 per lb. in December 2003 to highs of $3.85-$4.15 per lb. at year-end 2000 and $3.65-$4.00 per lb. in mid June 2004. BAN shows the range pressing to $4.20-$4.60 per lb. in September 2005 and then $4.50-$4.75 per pound in mid September 2006, before bursting upwards steeply to $6.00-$6.50 per lb in mid November 2006, $7.30-$7.80 in late December 2006, $9.25-$9.75 per lb in early March 2007, $10.50-$11.00 per lb in late March 2007, $13.00-$14.50 per lb. in mid April 2007, to an all-time high of $18.00-$19.00 per lb in mid June 2007, and then backed off to $13.50-$15.00 per lb in mid November 2007. This unprecedented event reflects an extreme scarcity of bismuth, perhaps temporary. Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to everyday speech. ...

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,425 Ã— 625 pixels, file size: 58 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of bismuth output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 2,000 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,425 Ã— 625 pixels, file size: 58 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of bismuth output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 2,000 tonnes). ...

Crystals

Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive hopper crystals. These colorful laboratory creations are typically sold to collectors. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals. Synthetic bismuth crystal A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, defined by its hoppered shape. ...

Applications

Bismuth oxychloride is sometimes used in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol and (modern) Kaopectate) is used as an antidiarrheal and to treat some other gastro-intestinal diseases. Also, the product Bibrocathol is an organic molecule containing Bismuth and is used to treat eye infections. Bismuth subgallate (the active ingredient in Devrom) is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodor from flatulence (or gas) and feces. Make-up redirects here. ... Bismuth Subcarbonate (BiO)2 CO3, or milk of bismuth, was a popular snake oil in the 1930s. ... ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... Bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in the popular medication Pepto-Bismol that is used to treat diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. ... Kaopectate , Kaolin and Pectinis an orally taken medication from Pfizer for the treatment of mild diarrhoea. ... In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), refers to frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. ... BIBROCATHOL, Occular antiseptic. ... Bismuth subgallate, with a chemical formula C7H5BiO6, is the active ingredient in the medication Devrom that is used to treat malodor by deodorizing flatulence and stool. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of mammals. ... For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ... Horse feces Feces, faeces, or fÃ¦ces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...

In the early 1990s, research began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in various applications: Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... A solder is a fusible metal alloy, with a melting point or melting range of 180-190Â°C (360-370 Â°F), which is melted to join metallic surfaces, especially in the fields of electronics and plumbing, in a process called soldering. ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. ... The iridescence of the Blue Morpho butterfly wings. ... Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) is a compound of bismuth and tellurium. ... The Peltierâ€“Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of heat differentials to electric voltage and vice versa. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ... 2 kW Laboratory Hall Thruster in operation at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory A Hall effect thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field in a plasma discharge with a radial magnetic field. ...

According to the USGS, U.S. bismuth consumption in 2006 totaled 2,050 tonnes, of which chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) were 510 tonnes, bismuth alloys 591 tonnes, metallurgical additives 923 tonnes, and the balance other uses. Brazen redirects here. ... A plumber wrench for working on pipes and fittings A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping, stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building. ... Lubrication occurs when opposing surfaces are separated by a lubricant film. ... Grease is a lubricant of higher initial viscosity than oil, consisting originally of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap jelly emulsified with mineral oil. ... For the computer security term, see Phishing. ... Dragons eggs are pyrotechnic stars which first burn for a period giving a visual effect then explode with a loud crackling report. ... Pyrotechnics is a field of study often thought synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but more accurately it has a wider scope that includes items for military and industrial uses. ... Bismuth (III) oxide is the most important industrial compound of bismuth, and a starting point for bismuth chemistry. ... Bismuth Subcarbonate (BiO)2 CO3, or milk of bismuth, was a popular snake oil in the 1930s. ... For other uses, see Shotgun (disambiguation). ... This article is about firearms projectiles. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painters colic caused by increased blood lead levels. ... Look up malleability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, more often abbreviated as Fabrique Nationale or simply FN, is a Belgian manufacturer of firearms. ... The FN 303 is a semi-automatic less-lethal launcher manufactured by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal. ... Non-lethal force is force which is not inherently likely to kill or cause great bodily injury to a living target. ... A Riot gun refers to a type of firearm that is used to fire less than lethal ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots. ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ...

Compounds

Precautions

Bismuth is not known to be toxic, compared to its periodic table neighbours (lead, antimony, and polonium), although some compounds (including bismuth chloride) are toxic and should be handled with care. As with lead, overexposure to bismuth can result in the formation of a black deposit on the gingiva, known as a bismuth line^[5]. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... This article is about the element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number polonium, Po, 84 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 6, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight (209) gÂ·molâˆ’1 Electron configuration [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... The gingiva (sing. ...

Contents

Notable characteristics

Isotopes

History

Occurrence and production

Crystals

Applications

Compounds

Precautions

See also

References

External links