Biruni commemorated on a Soviet stamp for his millennial anniversary.

ابوريحان بيرونى Abu Raihan Biruni (also, Abu Rihan Muhammad bin Ahmad, Al-Biruni, Alberuni Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی ; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني ) (September 15, 973–December 13, 1048) was a Turkish mathematician, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, astronomer, traveller, historian, pharmacist, and teacher, who contributed greatly to the fields of astrology, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and science. Download high resolution version (500x685, 233 KB)Abu Reihan Biruni, Iranian scientist, 973-1048. ... Download high resolution version (500x685, 233 KB)Abu Reihan Biruni, Iranian scientist, 973-1048. ... Persian (فارسی = Fârsi . ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The city of Oslo is founded by Harald Hardråde of Norway. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline. ... The term encyclopedist is usually used for a group of French philosophers who collaborated in the 18th century in the production of the Encyclopédie, under the direction of Denis Diderot. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ... A traveller (American English traveler) is a person or an object travelling between two or more locations. ... A historian is a person who studies history. ... Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the art and science of pharmacy. ... A teachers room in a Japanese middle school, 2005. ... A Western astrological chart (or horoscope) - Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251), using the tropical zodiac Example of a Western natal chart Astrology... Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. ... These five broad types of question are not the only subjects of philosophical inquiry, and there are many overlaps between the categories which are subsumed within the discipline under the four major headings of Logic, Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology. ... Medicine is the branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...

He was born in Khwarazm, presently in Uzbekistan. He studied mathematics and astronomy under Abu Nasr Mansur. Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is a city in present day Uzbekistan, in the Province of Khorezm. ... Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. ... Astrology: the study of the positions of the celestial objects relative to the Earth and how these positions affect happenings on the lives of cultures, nations and the natural environment. ... Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali (c. ...

He was a colleague of the Central Asian philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, the historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, in a university and science center established by prince Abu Al Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. He also travelled to Pakistan and India with Mahmud of Ghazni, who also became his patron, and accompanied him on his campaigns there, learning the language, and studying the religion and philosophy, and wrote Ta'rikh al-Hind ("Chronicles of India"). He also knew the Greek Language, the Sanskrit Language and possibly Syriac and Berber. He wrote his books in Persian and Arabic, but his native language was Khwarezmian. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Miskawayh, ,ابن مسكوويه, aka Ibn Miskawayh (932-1030) was a prominent Persian philosopher from Ray, Iran. ... Mahmud is originally an Arabic given name. ... Minaret, July 2001 Ghazni is a city in central Afghanistan, situated on a plateau at 7280 feet above sea level. ... Greek (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years. ... The Sanskrit language (Skt. ... Syriac is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Persian (فارسی = Fârsi . ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Chorasmian, also known as Khwarezmian or Khwarazmian, is the name of an extinct northeastern Iranian language closely related to Sogdian. ...

Some of his notable achievements included:

• At the age of seventeen, he calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm, using the maximum altitude of the sun.
• By the age of twenty-two, he had written several short works, including a study of map projections, "Cartography", which included a methodology for projecting a hemisphere on a plane, .
• By the age of twenty-seven, he had written a book called "Chronology" which referred to other work he had completed (now lost) that included one book about the astrolabe, one about the decimal system, four about astrology, and two about history.
• He calculated the radius of the Earth to be 6,339.6 kilometres (this result was replicated in the Western world in the 16th century).

Biruni's works number more than 120. Latitude, sometimes denoted by the Greek letter φ, gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the Equator. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is a city in present day Uzbekistan, in the Province of Khorezm. ... A map projection is any of many methods used in cartography (mapmaking) to represent the two-dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... Methodology of epistemology. ... The word hemisphere literally means half sphere or half ball; when used in the singular form, it refers to one of the halves of a spherical object. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Chronology is the science of locating events in time. ... A 16th century astrolabe. ... Decimal, or denary, notation is the most common way of writing the base 10 numeral system, which uses various symbols for ten distinct quantities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, called digits) together with the decimal point and the sign symbols + (plus) and − (minus) to... A Western astrological chart (or horoscope) - Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251), using the tropical zodiac Example of a Western natal chart Astrology... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: History History studies the past in human terms. ... In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment with one endpoint on the circle (i. ... Earth, also known as Terra, and Tellus mostly in the 19th century, is the third-closest planet to the Sun. ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

His contributions to mathematics include: Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. ...

• theoretical and practical arithmetic
• summation of series
• combinatorial analysis
• the rule of three
• irrational numbers
• ratio theory
• algebraic definitions
• method of solving algebraic equations
• geometry
• Archimedes' theorems
• trisection of the angle

His non-mathematical works include: Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number) in common usage is a branch of (or the forerunner of) mathematics which records elementary properties of certain operations on numerals, though professional mathematicians often treat arithmetic as a synonym for number theory. ... Combinatorics is a branch of mathematics that studies finite collections of objects that satisfy specified criteria, and is in particular concerned with counting the objects in those collections (enumerative combinatorics) and with deciding whether certain optimal objects exist (extremal combinatorics). ... The rule of three (or threefold law) is an important tenet in Wicca. ... In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i. ... Geometry (Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth, metria = measure) arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. ... Archimedes of Syracuse. ... A number of ancient problems in geometry involve the construction of lengths or angles using only an idealized ruler and compass, or more properly a straightedge and compass. ...

• Critical study of what India says, whether accepted by reason or refused (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a compendium of India's religion and philosophy
• The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
• The Mas'udi Canon (Persian قانون مسعودي) - a book about Astronomy, Geography and Engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated
• Understanding Astrology (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian
• Pharmacy - about drugs and medicines
• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud
• Astrolabe
• A historical summary book
• History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father
• History of Khawarazm

See also

• List of Persian scientists

A list of Iranian (Persian) scientists: Khwarizmi Avicenna Omar Khayyam Farabi Shaykh Bahai Razi Samarqandi Mahani Qazwini Karaji Farsi Al-Kindi Biruni Kushyar ibn Labban Qadi Zada Alhazen Kashi Ulugh Beg Nayrizi Abu al-Wafa Ibn Miskawayh Quhi Abu Sahl Kuhi Sharaf Tusi Ahmad Banu Musa Khujandi Nasireddin Tusi Hasan...

External links

• John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson. Biruni at the MacTutor archive.
• Extensive biography on Biruni
• Arabic biography of Al Biruni
• Persian biography of Al Biruni
• A Bio-Bibliography for Biruni