33 germanium ← arsenic → selenium P ↑ As ↓ Sb Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	arsenic, As, 33
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 4, p
Appearance	metallic gray
Standard atomic weight	74.92160(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5.727 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.22 g·cm−3
Melting point	1090 K (817 °C, 1503 °F)
Boiling point	subl. 887 K (614 °C, 1137 °F)
Critical temperature	1673 K
Heat of fusion	(gray) 24.44 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	? 34.76 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 24.64 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 553 596 646 706 781 874
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	±3, 5 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.18 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 947.0 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1798 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2735 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	114 pm
Covalent radius	119 pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 333 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 50.2 W·m−1·K−1
Young's modulus	8 GPa
Bulk modulus	22 GPa
Mohs hardness	3.5
Brinell hardness	1440 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-38-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of arsenic iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 73As syn 80.3 d ε - 73Ge γ 0.05D, 0.01D, e - 74As syn 17.78 d ε - 74Ge β+ 0.941 74Ge γ 0.595, 0.634 - β- 1.35, 0.717 74Se 75As 100% As is stable with 42 neutrons
References

Arsenic (pronounced /ˈɑrs^ənɪk/) is a chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic was discovered by Albertus Magnus (Germany) in 1250. Its Atomic Mass is 74.92. Its Ionic Charge is (3-) Its position in the periodic table is shown at right. This is a notoriously poisonous metalloid that has many allotropic forms: yellow (molecular non-metallic) and several black and gray forms (metalloids) are a few that are seen. Three metalloidal forms of arsenic with different crystal structures are found free in nature (the minerals arsenic sensu strictu and the much rarer arsenolamprite and pararsenolamprite), but it is more commonly found as arsenide and arsenate compounds. Several hundred such mineral species are known. Arsenic and its compounds are used as pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and various alloys. General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... This article is about the element. ... Arsenic table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 25, 2003, 10:59 UTC. Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL. File links The following pages link to this file: Arsenic User:Femto/elements e3 Categories: GFDL images ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... 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Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box:      For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... Sublimation of an element or substance is a conversion between the solid and the gas phases with no intermediate liquid stage. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... The critical temperature, Tc, of a material is the temperature above which distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... 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The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Arsenic (As) Standard atomic mass: 74. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. ... 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General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a nuclear decay. ... A conversion electron is an electron which results from interactions with metastable atomic nuclei, which results from radioactive decay processes. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds (a megasecond) and 107 seconds (11. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (β+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... 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The most common oxidation states for arsenic are -3 (arsenides: usually alloy-like intermetallic compounds), +3 (arsenates(III) or arsenites, and most organoarsenic compounds), and +5 (arsenates(V): the most stable inorganic arsenic oxycompounds). Arsenic also bonds readily to itself, forming, for instance, As-As pairs in the red sulfide realgar and square As₄^3- ions in the arsenide skutterudite. In the +3 oxidation state, the stereochemistry of arsenic is affected by possession of a lone pair of electrons. In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... Orpiment and Realgar Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral with formula: As4S4. ... A lone pair is an electron pair without bonding or sharing with other atoms. ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ...

Notable characteristics

Arsenic is very similar chemically to its predecessor, phosphorus. Similar to phosphorus, it forms colourless, odourless, crystalline oxides As₂O₃ and As₂O₅ which are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water to form acidic solutions. Arsenic (V) acid, like phosphoric acid, is a weak acid. Like phosphorus, arsenic forms an unstable, gaseous hydride: arsine (AsH₃). The similarity is so great that arsenic will partly substitute for phosphorus in biochemical reactions and is thus poisonous. However, in subtoxic doses, soluble arsenic compounds act as stimulants, and were once popular in small doses as medicinals by people in the mid 18th century. General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ... Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ...

When heated in air it oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes from this reaction have an odor resembling garlic. This odor can be detected on striking arsenide minerals such as arsenopyrite with a hammer. Arsenic (and some arsenic compounds) sublimes upon heating at atmospheric pressure, converting directly to a gaseous form without an intervening liquid state. The liquid state appears at 20 atmospheres and above, which explains why the melting point is higher than the boiling point ^[1]. Elemental arsenic is found in many solid forms: the yellow form is soft, waxy and unstable, and is made of tetrahedral As₄ molecules similar to the molecules of white phosphorus. The gray, black or 'metallic' forms have somewhat layered crystal structures with bonds extending throughout the crystal. They are brittle semiconductors with a metallic luster. The density of the yellow form is 1.97 g/cm³; rhombohedral 'gray arsenic' is much denser with a density of 5.73 g/cm³; the other metalloidal forms are similarly dense. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Binomial name L. Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. ... Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic sulfide (FeAsS). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A semiconductor is a material that is an insulator at very low temperature, but which has a sizable electrical conductivity at room temperature. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...

Applications

Lead hydrogen arsenate has been used, well into the 20th century, as an insecticide on fruit trees (sometimes resulting in brain damage to those working the sprayers), and Scheele's Green (a copper arsenate) has even been recorded in the 19th century as a coloring agent in sweets. In the last half century, monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA), a less toxic organic form of arsenic, has replaced lead arsenate's role in agriculture. Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4, is an inorganic insecticide used primarily against the potato beetle. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... A plum tree Flowering almond tree A fruit tree is a tree bearing fruit — the structures formed by the ripened ovary of a flower containing one or more seeds. ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ... Scheeles Green, also called Schloss Green, is chemically a cupric hydrogen arsenite (also called copper arsenite or acidic copper arsenite), CuHAsO3. ... The color of food is considered important in its enjoyment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) is an arsenic-based herbicide and fungicide. ...

The application of most concern to the general public is probably that of wood which has been treated with chromated copper arsenate ("CCA", or "Tanalith", and the vast majority of older "pressure treated" wood). CCA timber is still in widespread use in many countries, and was heavily used during the latter half of the 20th century as a structural, and outdoor building material, where there was a risk of rot, or insect infestation in untreated timber. Although widespread bans followed the publication of studies which showed low-level leaching from in-situ timbers (such as children's playground equipment) into surrounding soil, the most serious^{[citation needed]} risk is presented by the burning of CCA timber. Recent years have seen fatal animal poisonings, and serious human poisonings resulting from the ingestion - directly or indirectly - of wood ash from CCA timber (the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash). Scrap CCA construction timber continues to be widely burnt through ignorance, in both commercial and domestic fires. Protocols for safe disposal of CCA timber are still in place only patchily; there is concern in some quarters about the widespread landfill disposal of such timber. For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative used for timber treatment, in use since 1930s. ... Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative used for timber treatment, in use since 1930s. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill roni Lumber or timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use — from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use — as structural material for... For other kinds of building materials, see Hardware, Biology, Star formation. ... The aviation term ROT stands for rate one turn. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Combination playground structure for small children; slides, climbers (stairs in this case), playhouse A playground is an area designed for children to play freely. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For the American hard rock band, see SOiL. For the System of a Down song, see Soil (song). ... Look up landfill in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds have been used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich) and arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler). Arsphenamine as well as Neosalvarsan was indicated for syphilis and trypanosomiasis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics. Arsenic trioxide has been used in a variety of ways over the past 200 years, but most commonly in the treatment of cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration in 2000 approved this compound for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that is resistant to ATRA.^[2] It was also used as Fowler's solution in psoriasis.^[3] Arsphenamine is a drug that was used to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. ... Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich in his workroom Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Neosalvarsan (generic name, neoarsphenamine) is a synthetic antibiotic drug containing organic arsenic. ... Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete. ... Trypanosomiasis is the name of the diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus trypanosoma in vertebrates. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... “FDA” redirects here. ... Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), also known as acute myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of white blood cells. ... All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a drug used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML subtype M3). ... Thomas Fowler (born 1777 in Great Torrington, Devon, England - died March 31, 1843) was a British inventor whose most notable invention was the thermosiphon which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems. ...

Copper acetoarsenite was used as a green pigment known under many different names, including 'Paris Green' and 'Emerald Green'. It caused numerous arsenic poisonings. Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... Paris Green is a common name for copper(II)-acetoarsenite, or C.I. Pigment Green 21, an extremely toxic blue green chemical with four main uses: pigment, animal poison (mostly rodenticide), insecticide, and blue colorant for fireworks. ... Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ...

Other uses;

• Various agricultural insecticides, termination and poisons.
• Used in animal feed, particularly in the US as a method of disease prevention and growth stimulation.
• Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material, used in integrated circuits. Circuits made using the compound are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made in silicon. Unlike silicon it is direct bandgap, and so can be used in laser diodes and LEDs to directly convert electricity into light.
• Also used in bronzing and pyrotechny.

Occupational Exposures This article is about the chemical compound. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... Integrated circuit of Atmel Diopsis 740 System on Chip showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... In semiconductor physics, a direct bandgap means that the minimum of the conduction band lies directly above the maximum of the valence band in momentum space. ... A packaged laser diode with penny for scale. ... External links LEd Category: TeX ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... Bronzing is a process by which a bronze-like surface is applied to other materials (metallic or non-metallic). ... This article is about the explosive device. ...

Exposure to higher-than-average levels of arsenic can occur in some occupations placing workers at risk. Industries that use inorganic arsenic and its compounds include wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, and electronic semiconductor manufacturing. Inorganic arsenic is also found in coke oven emissions associated with the smelter industry. ^[4]

History

The word arsenic is borrowed from the Persian word زرنيخ Zarnikh meaning "yellow orpiment". Zarnikh was borrowed by Greek as arsenikon wich means masculine or potent. Arsenic has been known and used in Persia and elsewhere since ancient times. As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. (Another less sensitive but more general test is the Reinsch test.) Due to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons. Farsi redirects here. ... Orpiment Orpiment prepared as a paint pigment Orpiment is a common monoclinic crystalline mineral Chemical Composition: As2S3, arsenic trisulfide Molecular Weight: 246. ... Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān Â² Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic  -  Supreme Leader  -  President Unification  -  Unified by Cyrus the Great 559 BCE   -  Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire (first reunification) 248 BCE-224 CE   -  Sassanid dynastic empire 224–651 CE   -  Safavid dynasty... Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ... The highly sensitive Marsh test is used to detect arsenic in food or stomach contents. ... The Reinsch Test is an initial indicator to detect the presence of one or more of the following Heavy Metals in a biological sample, and is often used by toxicologists where poisoning by such metals is suspected. ...

During the Bronze Age, arsenic was often included in bronze, which made the alloy harder (so-called "arsenical bronze"). The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... This article is about the metal alloy. ... Arsenical bronze (or arsenical copper) is an alloy in which arsenic is added to copper as opposed to, or in addition to other constituent metals. ...

Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193-1280) is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250. In 1649 Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing arsenic. Albertus Magnus (b. ... Johann Schröder (1600-1664) was a German physician and pharmacologist who was the first person to recognise that arsenic was an element. ...

Alchemical symbol for arsenic

In the Victorian era, 'arsenic' (colourless, crystalline, soluble 'white arsenic') was mixed with vinegar and chalk and eaten by women to improve the complexion of their faces, making their skin paler to show they did not work in the fields. Arsenic was also rubbed into the faces and arms of women to 'improve their complexion'. The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs led to the Bradford sweet poisoning in 1858, which resulted in approximately 20 deaths and 200 people taken ill with arsenic poisoning. Image File history File links Arsenic_alchemical_symbol. ... Image File history File links Arsenic_alchemical_symbol. ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbs—as here, with oregano. ... The Needles, situated on the Isle Of Wight, are part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation. ... Complexion describes ones physical appearance. ... The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858; an estimated 20 people died when sweets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall. ...

Arsenic in drinking water

Main article: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has led to a massive epidemic of arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh^[5] and neighbouring countries. It is estimated that approximately 57 million people are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations elevated above the World Health Organization's standard of 10 parts per billion. The arsenic in the groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater due to the anoxic conditions of the subsurface. This groundwater began to be used after western NGOs instigated a massive tube well drinking-water program in the late twentieth century. This program was designed to prevent drinking of bacterially contaminated surface waters, but failed to test for arsenic in the groundwater.(2) Many other countries and districts in South East Asia, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and Tibet, China, are thought to have geological environments similarly conducive to generation of high-arsenic groundwaters. Arsenicosis was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand in 1987, and the dissolved arsenic in the Chao Phraya River is suspected of containing high levels of naturally occurring arsenic, but has not been a public health problem due to the use of bottled water.^[6] Arsenic contamination of groundwater has occurred in various parts of the world, most notably the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, causing serious arsenic poisoning among large numbers of people. ... Arsenic contamination of groundwater has occurred in various parts of the world, most notably the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, causing serious arsenic poisoning among large numbers of people. ... Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formations. ... WHO redirects here. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... NGO redirects here. ... Village pump redirects here, for information on Wikipedia project-related discussions, see Wikipedia:Village pump. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... Arsenicosis is a chronic illness resulting from drinking water with high levels of arsenic over a long period of time. ... This article is about the town Nakhon Si Thammarat. ... Origin of the Chao Phraya River in Nakhon Sawan A view of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok The Chao Phraya (Thai: ) is a major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial river plain marking the mainland of the country. ...

The northern United States, including parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas are known to have significant concentrations of arsenic in ground water. This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ...

Arsenic can be removed from drinking water through coprecipitation of iron minerals by oxidation and filtering. When this treatment fails to produce acceptable results, adsorptive arsenic removal media may be utilized. Several adsorptive media systems have been approved for point of service use in a study funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. ... EPA redirects here. ... The logo of the National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. ...

Magnetic separations of arsenic at very low magnetic field gradients have been demonstrated in point-of-use water purification with high–surface area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanocrystals. Using the high specific surface area of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals the mass of waste associated with arsenic removal from water has been dramatically reduced. ^[7] Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. ...

Occurrence

A large sample of native arsenic.

White arsenic output in 2005

In 2005, China was the top producer of white arsenic with almost 50% world share followed by Chile and Peru, reports the British Geological Survey. Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Arsenic User:Aramgutang/Gallery Categories: User-created public domain images | Chemical images ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Arsenic User:Aramgutang/Gallery Categories: User-created public domain images | Chemical images ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of White arsenic output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 30,000 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of White arsenic output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 30,000 tonnes). ... The British Geological Survey is a publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research. ...

Arsenopyrite also unofficially called mispickel (FeAsS) is the most common arsenic-bearing mineral. On roasting in air, the arsenic sublimes as arsenic (III) oxide leaving iron oxides. Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic sulfide (FeAsS). ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...

The most important compounds of arsenic are arsenic (III) oxide, As₂O₃, ('white arsenic'), the yellow sulfide orpiment (As₂S₃) and red realgar (As₄S₄), Paris Green, calcium arsenate, and lead hydrogen arsenate. The latter three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Orpiment and realgar were formerly used as painting pigments, though they have fallen out of use due to their toxicity and reactivity. Although arsenic is sometimes found native in nature, its main economic source is the mineral arsenopyrite mentioned above; it is also found in arsenides of metals such as silver, cobalt (cobaltite: CoAsS and skutterudite: CoAs₃) and nickel, as sulfides, and when oxidised as arsenate minerals such as mimetite, Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl and erythrite, Co₃(AsO₄)₂. 8H₂O, and more rarely arsenites ('arsenite' = arsenate(III), AsO₃^3- as opposed to arsenate (V), AsO₄^3-). In addition to the inorganic forms mentioned above, arsenic also occurs in various organic forms in the environment. Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolised to a less toxic form of arsenic through a process of methylation. R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Orpiment Orpiment prepared as a paint pigment Orpiment is a common monoclinic crystalline mineral Chemical Composition: As2S3, arsenic trisulfide Molecular Weight: 246. ... Orpiment and Realgar Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral with formula: As4S4. ... Paris Green is a common name for copper(II)-acetoarsenite, or C.I. Pigment Green 21, an extremely toxic blue green chemical with four main uses: pigment, animal poison (mostly rodenticide), insecticide, and blue colorant for fireworks. ... Calcium arsenate (Ca3(AsO4)2) is a chemical compound. ... Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4, is an inorganic insecticide used primarily against the potato beetle. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic sulfide (FeAsS). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... Formally, sulfide is the dianion, S2−, which exists in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions formed from H2S or alkali metal salts such as Li2S, Na2S, and K2S. Sulfide is exceptionally basic and, with a pKa > 14, it does not exist in appreciable concentrations even in highly alkaline water. ... Mimetite, whose name derives from the Greek mimethes, meaning imitator, is an arsenate mineral which forms as a secondary mineral in lead deposits, usually by the oxidation of galena and arsenopyrite. ... Erythrite is a secondary hydrated arsenate of cobalt minerals with the formula (Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O). ... Food chains, food webs and/or food networks describe the feeding relationships between species to another within an ecosystem. ... Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. ...

Nickernuts are said to contain arsenic. See also Arsenide minerals, Arsenate minerals. Genera See text. ...

Toxicity

Main article: Arsenic poisoning

Arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent poisons. Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system organ failure (see arsenic poisoning) probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. A post mortem reveals brick red colored mucosa, due to severe hemorrhage. Although arsenic causes toxicity, it can also play a protective role.^[8]. Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ... Image File history File links Skull_and_crossbones. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme (E1) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). ... The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ or in older notation DPN+) is an important coenzyme found in cells. ... Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS; previously known as multiple organ failure) is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to maintain homeostasis. ... Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to unprogrammed death of cells/living tissue (compare with apoptosis - programmed cell death). ... A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (pronounced apo tō sis) is a process of suicide by a cell in a multicellular organism. ... An autopsy (also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy or obduction) is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination performed on a corpse after death, to evaluate disease or injury that may be present and to determine the cause and manner of a persons death. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Elemental arsenic and arsenic compounds are classified as "toxic" and "dangerous for the environment" in the European Union under directive 67/548/EEC. // Toxic and Intoxicated redirect here – toxic has other uses, which can be found at Toxicity (disambiguation); for the state of being intoxicated by alcohol see Drunkenness. ... Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main European Union law concerning chemical safety. ...

The IARC recognizes arsenic and arsenic compounds as group 1 carcinogens, and the EU lists arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide and arsenate salts as category 1 carcinogens. IARC could mean: International Agency for Research on Cancer is part of the World Health Organization. ... Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC as Group 1: The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The arsenate ion is AsO43-. An arsenate (compound) is some compound that contains this ion. ... Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Arsenic is known to cause arsenicosis due to its manifestation in drinking water, “the most common species being arsenate [HAsO₄^2- ; As(V)] and arsenite [H₃AsO₃ ; As(III)]”. The ability of arsenic to undergo redox conversion between As(III) and As(V) makes its availability in the environment possible. According to Croal, Gralnick, Malasarn, and Newman, “[the] understanding [of] what stimulates As(III) oxidation and/or limits As(V) reduction is relevant for bioremediation of contaminated sites (Croal). The study of chemolithoautotrophic As(III) oxidizers and the heterotrophic As(V) reducers can help the understanding of the oxidation and/or reduction of arsenic.^[9] Arsenicosis is a chronic illness resulting from drinking water with high levels of arsenic over a long period of time. ...

Compounds

• Arsenic acid (H₃AsO₄)
• Arsenous acid (H₃AsO₃)
• Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃)
• Arsine (Arsenic Trihydride AsH₃)
• Cadmium arsenide (Cd₃As₂)
• Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
• Lead hydrogen arsenate (PbHAsO₄)

See also Arsenic compounds. Physical state = Liquid Colour = clear to slightly turbid,white to pale green Odour = odourless Density = 2. ... Arsenous acid, ,also known as arsenious acid, is the hydrolyzed form of arsenic trioxide and has the formula As(OH)3. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Arsine, the simplest compound of arsenic, is AsH3. ... Cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2) is a crystalline semiconductor with a tetragonal structure in the II-V family. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4, is an inorganic insecticide used primarily against the potato beetle. ...

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of arsenic

Arsenic has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of ⁷⁵As, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope ⁷⁶As with a half-life of 1.0778 days and produce approximately 1.13 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several hours.^{[citation needed]} Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. Arsenic (As) Standard atomic mass: 74. ... It has been suggested that Cobalt bomb be merged into this article or section. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter A nuclear weapon derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion, so named because it falls out of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion. ...

Notes